AP WORLD TEST 2 Flashcards
What were the Crusades?
A term used to describe the “holy wars” waged by Western Christendom, especially against the forces of Islam in the eastern Mediterranean from 1095 to 1291 and on the Iberian Peninsula into the fifteenth century. Further Crusades were conducted in non-Christian regions of Eastern Europe from about 1150 on. Crusades could be declared only by the pope; participants swore a vow and received an indulgence removing the penalty for confessed sins in return.
What were the effects of the Crusades?
The Roman Catholic Church experienced an increase in wealth,the power of the Pope was increased, and the increase in trade/transportation.
Name the main Barbarian Kingdoms we learned about.
The Kingdom of the Franks and Charlemagne’s Empire
Who and what was the Kingdom of the Franks?
The most important of the barbarian kingdoms. They are based in modern-day France and Germany.
Who was Charlemagne and what was his empire?
He was a medieval emperor who became the king of the Frankish empire.
What was Feudalism/Manorialism?
Was a series of social, economic, and political systems that arose in western Europe from the need for protection in the absence of a strong central government. (King, lords, knights, peasants, serfs)
What are lord and vassals within Feudalism?
Lords are the people who hold the land and they have vassals who would work the land in return for protection by the lord.
What was the Medieval Manor?
The basic unit of the manorial system, an agriculutral estate operated by a lord, worked by peasants, and protected by knights
What was Judaism?
A monotheistic religion developed among the ancient Hebrews
How did Chirstianity rise?
Through the rise of the Byznatine/Eastern Roman empire which adopted Christianity
How did the idea of Christendom develop?
By spreading to more places via trade or influence. For example, Kievan Rus converted to Christianity thanks to the influence of the Byzatine Empire
What was Roman Catholicism?
Roman Catholicism is a sect of Christianity that made a clear distinction between it and Eastern Orthodox Christianity after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Over time
Who was the Pope?
A spiritual leader in Christianity
What is Eastern Orthodoxy?
A sect of Christianity that Byzantium and Kievan Rus followed
What is Caesaropapism?
The political system in which the head of the state is also the head of the Church
What was the Renaissance?
it refers to a period in European civilization that was marked by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom.
What was Byzantium?
The Byzantine empire/Constantinople
What was the role of the Emperor in politics and the Orthodox church?
The Emperor had to deal with ruling the country nad spirtual beliefs thanks to caesaropapism
What was the Kingdom of France?
Kingdom that emerged from Charlemange’s rule
What was the Kingdom of England?
Kingdom that emerged from the West Saxon Kings
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
a dominion for Christendom continuing in the tradition of the ancient Roman Empire and was characterized by strong papal authority.
What was Kievan Rus?
A state in Russia that was conquered by Golden Horde.
What was the relationship between Kievan Rus and the Byzantine empire?
Rus was influenced by the Byzatine and converted to Orthodox Chirstianity
How did the Rise of Moscow take place?
From the Mongols leveling Russia and ruling from afar, Moscow rose and would soon become the capital of Russia
What was the role of West African Kingdoms in Trans-Saharan trade?
Stimulation, as they were around the routes and could provide a place for trader to rest, also building up their reputation and population
What happened in Ghana?
becoming one of the three most powerful empires in West Africa, Ghana became the center of trade between the Arabs and Berbers in the northern regions and the other African societies to the south.
What happened in Mali?
It rose as a powerful empire from Ancient Ghana and Malinke
Who was Sundiata Keita?
leader of Kangaba whoconquered the last stronghold of Ghana and began the reign of the Mali empire
Who was Mansa Musa?
Richest man in history and King of Mali
What was the Songhai Empire?
An empire in Western Africa, known for controlling the trade on the Niger river
Who was Sonni Ali?
Leader of the Songhai empire, known for his tact and revival of the trade routes
What were the Asian steppes?
Large, flat lands/plains that strech across Asia. The Turks and Mongols, both pastoral central Asia tribes, originate from here.
Who was Chinggis Khan?
The leader of the Mongols who conquered and united most of Asia while he was alive.
Causes of the Mongol Empire?
The uprising of Chinggis Khan, the millitary and their tactics (divisions of 10), horse knowledge/better calvalry, advanced knowledge, Eurasia was divided, very brutal
Effects of the Mongol Empire?
Trade flourishes, cultural diffusion, spread of disease, religion, goods, destruction/Mongol Civil war, period of peace, Song dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate collapse
Who were Chinggis’s 4 leader sons?
Ogodei, Mongke, Helugu and Kublai Khan
What was Khanbaliq?
One of the Mongol capitals/cities
What was Karakorum?
One of the Mongol capitals/cities
What was the Il-Khanate?
One of the four divisions of the Mongol Empire, ruled over Iran and Baghdad
What was the Golden Horde?
One of the four divisions of the Mongol Empire, ruled over most of Russia
What was the Kipchak Khanate?
Another name for the Golden Horde, conquered Kievan Rus
Who was Timur/Timurlane?
A Mongol leader who breifly revived the Il-Khanate
What happened during the Song dynasty?
They were overtaken by the Mongols when fighting amongst themselves
What were the causes of the population in the Song dynasty?
The development of fast developing rice
What were the cultural achievements of the Song?
Improvements in agriculture, development of moveable type, uses for gunpowder, superior shipbuilding, the use of paper money, compass navigation
How did infrastructure develop in the Song?
In the Song Dynasty, examples of investments in infrastructure included the Great Wall of China and the Great Canal. While the Great Wall wasn’t built during the Song, the Great Canal was a way for the Song Dynasty to connect China, sending goods back and forth.
Political developments in the Song?
In the Song Dynasty, political structure built upon previous dynasties. The Song Dynasty used the bureaucratic ideas of previous dynasties to lead using six major ministries all led by the Censorate. Officials were selected by a revived examination system, which allowed people from poorer areas to advance by proving a higher level of education.
How did women behave in the Song dynasty?
They were quiet as it was seen as unformal for them to be loud and get drunk, etc.
What happened in the Yuan dynasty?
It signifed the first dynasty started by the Mongols when they took over China.
What took place in the Ming Dynasty?
They kicked out the Mongols which lead to the capture and uprising of the legenadry Mongol/Ming explorer, Zheng He.
Who was Zheng He?
A legendary Mongol explorer who was well known for traveling the Seas with treasure ships and earning respect for the Chinese.
What was the Chinese tribute system?
A system where China sent officials to foreign courts to offer them gifts and pay them tribute in return for tribute and build foreign relations.
What were the Kamakura and Muromachi periods?
Periods in Ancient Japan considered Shogunate with control of the military
Who was the Shogun?
The shogun is the leader of the samurai
What were Samurai?
they are the warrior class in feudal japan, minions to the Shogun.
what is the bushido?
the bushido is the code that the samurai lived by
What was srivijaya?
Srivijaya was an empire that was located in South and Southeast Asia. It was able to grow from a massive income of wealth from trade in the Indian Ocean trade routes. It was valued for its spices and other commodities.
What was the influence of South and East Asia on Southeast Asia?
Vietnam saw cultural influence from East and South Asia through the expansion of the Chiense through the Yangtze river, and through them India.
What were the Silk Roads?
Series of trade routes throughout Afro-Eurasia. They flourished during the Mongol reign, and benefitted from centralized control. The Silk Roads transported luxury goods like silk, as it was expensive to move items on land in this time.
What was the Indian Ocean trade?
Trade routes across sea that connected Eastern Africa all the way to China. Cheaper goods and foreign exchange was done over this, as it is easier to ship mass amounts of goods over sea than land.
What were the Sand roads?
A series of trade routes throughout the Sahara desert. These roads encouraged inventions to cross the desert, including saddles for camels. Goods like salt and gold were exchanged over these roads in this time period.
What technology and animal did people use to travel and trade across the Sand and Silk roads?
Arabian Camel saddles paired with the camels.
Define Caravanserai.
Locations for rest along the Silk roads, where people could rest their caravans with goods for a while.
What was Bukhara and Samarkand?
Cities that originated as caravanserai but developed into full blown trading cities due to the constant popularity they gained.
What were the Monsoon winds?
Seasonal winds that helped propel ocean trade
How did the monsoon winds impact the spread of Islam?
the monsoon winds made trade across the sea winds easier spreading Islam further and faster.
Who were the Swahili and what did they speak?
An African civilization settled on the East Coast of the African continent. Unlike their central African neighbors, Swahili civilization was dependent on trade, made possible by the Indian Ocean trade routes. The Swahili spoke Bantu but wrote in Arabic, one example of Islam’s influence in trade. Swahili civilization grew to be very diverse, borrowing from many cultures.
Who were the Mombasa and Zanzibar?
Urban cities in the Swahili civilization, traded with Asia
What are lateen sails and where were they invented?
Triangular sails used for better wind capture. Invented by the Arabs
What were improved rudders and where were they invented?
Attachments that directed the ships they were attached to. Invented in China
What was the astrolabe and compass and where were they invented?
The compass, using magnetic signal from True North to direct wayfinders, helped to direct people. Similarly, the astrolabe was a tool used for direction. Invented in Ancient Greece.
What were junks and dhows and where were they invented?
The dhow was an Arabic ship that was designed to carry heavy items and mass goods. The junk was a Chinese ship that used a rudder.
What were Arabian camel saddles and where were they invented?
Technology allowing camels to hold more, which would maximize the trading efficency of the Sand Roads. Invented in Arabia
What were the most common traded commodities?
Gold, Salt, Ivory, Slaves, Silk, Gold Brocade, Spices, Rice, Wheat
What main diasese spread and how did they spread?
Bubonic/black death. Spread through the unification of the Mongol empire and the increased trade of the Silk Roads thanks to it
What plants commonly spread via trade?
Bananas in Africa, Citrus fruits in Europe and Arabia, and Champa rice in China
How did Islam spread?
Trade through the Silk roads
How did Buddhism spread?
Buddhsim died in India but was revived later on by spreading to other parts of Asia. Buddhism, like Christianity, also spread through trade using missionaries to recruit people to the religion.
What are syncretic religions?
Religions that were born from a mix of 2 others: Zen Buddhism was born from Daoism and Mauryan Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism combined ideas from Buddhism and Confucianism.
