AP WORLD TEST 1.1 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of civilization?
division of labor, a surplus of food, an organized government and religion, and a writing/recording system
What are Primary Sources?
An artifact, recording, or diary that was created during the event that occured. It is an original source of information.
What are Secondary Sources?
A source of information that was created later by someone who was not present during the event that they were researching about. Ex: Books and articles
Whats the difference between Primary and Secondary sources?
Primary sources have more accurate and specific information.
What was the Dynastic Cycle?
A pattern of the rise and fall of the dynasties in China. The Mandate of Heaven played an important role on this.
What was the Mandate of Heaven?
The belief that heaven gave a Chinese emperor the power to rule. It required them to respect the people and their ancestors. If they lost this mandate, natural disasters and rebellion would overthrow the dynasty and start a new one.
What was the Chinese geography like?
The Himalyan, Tien Shan, and Atlas mountains protected China from the West, as well as the Yellow Sea protecting the East and the Gobi Desert protecting the North
What was the Hundred Schools/Warring States Period?
A period in which China was divided into states and were at war between each other
What was the Zhou dynasty and what was it known for?
The period of time which the warring states happened; this brought about the rise of Confuciuanism and Daoism to end the fighting.
What was Confucianism?
The religion in which Confucius taught; teaches the importance of love, relationships, education, and filial piety
What were the Analects?
The ancient scripts and teachings of Confucius made into a book, the Analects; became important for the education system in China and for getting a job in the Chiense government
Who was Confucius?
The founder of Confucianism; model who brought about the idea of filial piety and the Five Key Relationships
What was virtue in Confucianism?
The qualities of a complete or realized human being; benevolent, right, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity
What were the Five Key relationships?
Father to son, Ruler to Subject, Older Brother to Younger Brother, Friend to friend, husband to wife
What is Filial Piety?
Respecting and taking care of your parents until they pass away
What was Neo Confucianism?
The revival of Confucianism from a temporary downfall of Confucianism, when Buddhism and other religions were widely spread around China
What was the Chinese bureaucracy?
The system of government in which the highly educated (who took tests on the qualities of Confucism and education) have official positions and are qualified to make important decisions.
What was the the examination system?
The test taken that students prepare for to recieve official gov’t positions. Tested on Confucianism and education
How did Buddhism spread into China?
Through cultural diffusion; monks from India taught the Chiense about Buddhism which quickly spread within after it sort of ceased in India
What was Daoism?
The philosophy created by Laozi, a legendary philosopher, that taught the way of dualism and
balance between them, as well as nature
Who was Laozi?
The legendary philosopher who created Daoism, his name means “old philosopher”
What was the Daodejing?
A volume created by Laozi, means “The Way and it’s Power”
What role did nature play in Daoism?
Nature was a keystone of Daoism due to the whole philosophy revolving around nature being the Way and it’s invisible force weaving around the universe (harmony between yin and yang)
What was the concept of the Dao?
The Dao means The Way, and the way refers to nature’s invisible force, and returning to the inner self by embracing nature
What was Daoist Dualism?
The concept of Yin and Yang, a balance that created all things within the universe. Yin stands for femininity, earth, cold, darkness, and Yang stands for masculinity, heaven, warm, and light.
What was the Song Dynasty and it’s influence on China?
The Song dynasty was the dynasty that saw the rapid advancement of many things: agriculture, technology, etc.
What was the Indus River Valley?
The site of the first Indian civilization, the Harappan Civilization, next to the Indus River in modern day Pakistan
What was the Harappan Civilization, and where is it modern day?
The first Indian civilization in modern-day Pakistan
What was the Ganges River Valley?
Another great river valley created next to the Ganges River
What was the Hindu-Kush and the Himalayas?
2 great mountains in India which separates it from the rest of Asia
What was the Caste system?
The system brought from the Aryans when they conquered the Indus River Valley, integrated within Hinduism. Consists of a system of rebirth and moving up the caste to escape the cycle.
What is Hinduism?
A religion created from a fusion of other religions, has no founder and is based off the caste system.
Who was Brahman?
The ultimate god of Hinduism - creator of everything
Who are Devas?
Deviations of Brahman - copy gods
What is reincarnation?
A belief commonly held in Buddhism and Hinduism in which once a person dies, they are reincarnated as another being and moves up the caste system or keep being reborn until they reach nirvana.
What is Karma and Dharma?
Karma is good or bad actions done during a life, while Dharma is the rules you follow to generate karma.
What’s the difference between Karma and Dharma?
Karma is something you gain in exchange for your actions. Dharma is something you follow.
What is Samsara?
Also known as the Wheel of Life, the endless cycle of death and rebirth in Indian religion.
What is moksha?
The goal to escape Samsara by reaching enlightenment.
What is Asceticism?
Extreme self discipline to attain spiritual goals
Who were the Upanishads?
A set of commentaries on the Vedas. They see asceticism as a means of spiritual meditation bringing one closer to moksha
What was Buddhism in India?
The belief that suffering comes from desire. The Eightfold Path, a modest lifestyle, mental concentration practices, and the understanding of reality, was used to help achieve that goal.
Who was Siddhartha Gautama?
The founder of Buddhism, “the Buddha,” the man who awakened.
What is the Middle Way?
To live in moderation. To avoid the extremes of comfort and discomfort, luxury, and self torture.
What is Nirvana and how do you achieve it?
A state of perfect peace in which the soul is free from suffering. If you follow the Eightfold Path, you can achieve it.
What are the Stupas?
Buddhist temple housing relics, used for meditation.
What is the concept of Atman?
To reach a point where you detach yourself from the feelings that tie you to the world, leading to the realization of the ultimate unity of things—the soul (atman) connected with the universal (Brahman).
What is Bodhisattva?
A holy person in Buddhism, one who has achieved enlightenment and returns to help others.
What were the The Four Noble Truths?
- All life is suffering
- Suffering comes from desire
- To eliminate suffering, eliminate desire
- Desire is eliminated through the Eightfold Path
What is the The Eightfold Path?
- Right Views
- Right Thoughts
- Right Speech
- Right Conduct
- Right Livelihood
- Right Effort
- Right Mindfulness
- Right Meditation
What is Theravada Buddhism?
The early form of Buddhism that portrayed the Buddha as a wise teacher and model, but not divine. They believe that the Buddha is not a god and gods play little role. Not many people practiced this since it was too hard.
What is Mahayana Buddhism?
More accessible to a wider variety of people. Believed enlightenment was available to everyone. They emphasized compassion and good works
What is Tibetan Buddhism?
Gave special authority to learned teachers, also known as Lamas, and emphasized an awareness of and preparation for death.
What was the bhakti movement?
Devotion to one or another of India’s many gods and goddesses. Beginning in south India and moving northward, it featured the intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals.
What is Jainism?
The monotheistic religion developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.
What is the concept of Ahimsa?
Jains attempt to avoid causing harm to any living things, including insects.
Who was Mahavira?
Founder of Jainism
What were the Agamas?
Sacred jain scriptures
What is Dar al-Islam and what does it stand for?
Area that was controlled by Islam religion, means “Abode of Islam”/”House of Peace”
What was the Arabian Peninsula?
Area where Islamic faith first developed, has many deserts and caravan trade networks
Where was the Arabian Peninsula?
southwestern Asia and northeast of Africa
Who was Allah and what does it mean?
Name for God, Allah means “father” in Arabic
What was the Koran/Quran?
Holy book of Islam, Muhammad’s sayings and teachings
what is the Hegira/Hijira?
After Muhammad tried his teachings in Mecca, they were not welcomed and he fled to Medina in 622 CE. That is what is the Hegira/Hijira
Who was Abu Bakr?
First Caliphate, close friend of Muhammad
Who was Ali?
Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad - married his daughter Fatima and became the fourth Caliphate
Who are the Sunni Muslims and what do they believe?
A sect of Muslims that believe that Ali should have been the first Caliphate
Who are the Shia Muslims and what do they believe?
A sect of Muslims that believe that the first four caliphates were the right Caliphates
What was the Umayyad caliphate/dynasty?
The first dynasty of Caliphs, with their capital at Damascus, were overthrown because of “decadent behavior” (661-750 CE)
What was the Abbasid caliphate/dynasty?
The second dynasty of Caliphs, they had their capital at Baghdad. Seen as a golden age, there was a strong Persian influence on the Caliphs during this period (750-1258 CE)
What is Sharia?
Traditional Islamic law based on the teaching of the Koran and the sayings Muhammad
Who was Harun al-Rashid?
An Abbasid caliph, his rule is often seen as the height of the golden age of Islam
Who were the the Seljuk Turks?
Nomadic tribe from Turkey who overthrew Abbasid Caliphate.
Who were the Mongols?
Another nomadic tribe from Central Asia, military conquests
Who was Ibn Sina?
A famous Persian and Muslim philosopher, mathmatician, and scientist
Who was Al Khwarizmi?
A ninth century Persian mathematician, he created the ideas behind algebra or “al-jabr”.
What is a Mosque?
Prayer house of Islam, no depictions of Muhammad, only geometric patterns, domes, and minarets decorate the buildings
What was in Islamic art and architecture?
Geographical shapes within dome shaped mosques- no pictures of gods or people or animals because that was blasphemy
Who were the Aztecs?
A people of a warrior civilization with a powerful military and who practiced sacrifice
Who were the Incas?
A people who lived on the Andes Mountains and had their civilization there
Who were the Mayas?
A race of Mesoamerican Indians who had one of the most advanced understandings of technology and education with a complicated mathematical, writing, architectural, etc. understanding.
What are Chinampas?
Aztec floating gardens, ensured a steady food supply
What was Tenochtitlan?
The city-state and capital of the Aztec in Central Mexico
What was the Yucatan Peninsula?
Site of the Mayan Civilization
What was the Long Count?
The calendar of the Maya; incredibly accurate and a marvel of mathematical and astrological understanding
What were the Andes Mountains?
A mountain range running north to south through South America where the Incan Civilization was.
What was Quipu?
A system of communication through tied knots on a string used by the Inca
What was Terrace Farming?
A type of farming implemented on mountainous terrain: plots of land farmed in big “steps” in a “staircase”
