AP World History Modern Unit 1 Flashcards
Explain the Cultural developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
1.Culture:
Confucianism (collapsed during Han dynasty)- hierarchy as philosophy (father over son, husband over wife, etc.)
Neo-confucianism (starting in Tang): syncretism between Daoist and Buddhist beliefs + revival of old confucianism - demonstrates innovation and continuity - allowed emperors to consolidate rule
Filial piety: respect for elders - allowed emperors to justify and maintain rule
Explain the Political developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Government
Neo-confucianism and filial piety to consolidate rule
Large Imperial bureaucracy dictated by civil service exams to educate elite
- maintained control and order and efficiency
Centralized (under a ruler)
bureaucracy: specific ministries overlooked the kingdom to deliver ruler’s orders
- kept everything in control and order
State building: Grand Canal - shows government building
Explain the Social developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Social Structure
filial piety influenced patriarchy
Women were the subordinate position (below men)
- could not own property, remarry, no proper legal rights
- Foot binding (shows patriarchy and social class)
Social mobility - civil examination allowed for lower classes to rise
Explain the Economic developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Economy
Champa Rice from Vietnam - increased agricultural yield + population (boosted economy)
Grand Canal - transported goods and enhanced trade
New production of steel from iron
- armor, currency, agricultural tools, made by artisans fueled the economy
New innovations:
paper money increased efficiency of economy
movable type, hydraulic engineering (canals), champa rice, magnetic compass, junkyard ships boosted economy
Explain the Technological developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Technology
Movable type - printing cheaper, easier, and spread of cultures + literature + art
Porcelain - spread of art and creativity and increased trade (economy and culture)
Gunpowder - seige warfare, politics, economy
Paper money - easier trade (boost in economy)
Magnetic Compass - easier navigation and sea trade
Junkyard ships - easier trade and interactions with other states
Iron + Steel - better agricultural tools (increased agriculture and economy), new currencies/coins, armor
Explain the Political Developments of Dar al-Islam in circa 1200-1450
- Politics
Change in Abbasid caliphate (Middle East and North Africa) system (no more Arab) and a rise in pastoralist society (Seljuk Turks in 1130) - Central Asia
Change because not Arab-but turkic. Continuity because it is still centralized
Change in Ayyubid Sultanate (Egypt in 1143 granted by Abbasid Caliphate) - Rise of Mamluk Sultanate (illustrative example of a new ruling method in 1260)
Delhi Sultanate - example of islam spreading
ONE MAJOR CONTINUITY - military consistently governed peoples and implemented sharia law
Explain the Cultural Expansion of Dar al-Islam in circa 1200-1400
Culture.
1. Military Expansion: military expeditions
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) - Turks invaded Northern India to spread islam across Hindus
Hindus did not react well to it (polytheism, caste system, etc.)
- Rajput Kingdoms were a form of resistance
Sufism helped lower class of India to convert to Islam
Spain - military action allowed conversion in the Iberian peninsula and the establishments of numerous mosques such as Cordoba
2. Commercial/Market spread:
Western Africa: peaceful conversion as merchants explained Islam
Reached all hierarchies –Mansa Musa
Affected Ghana, Mali, Songhai
New technology also facilitated growth in culture
- New philosphies
- geometric designs
- making paper mills (allowed for writing)
Explain the Technological Developments of Dar al-Islam in circa 1200-1400
Technology
1. Baghdad center of learning (spread new ideas)
- increased scholar sponsorship which spread even more scientific ideas
2. Advancements in Mathematics and Medicine
- Algebra, Arabic numerals, Trigonometry
- establishments of hospitals, mixing of herbal medicine, encyclopedia of medicine
- spreading of paper mills from China to Dar-alIslam is an example of technological transfer. It allowed states to have more control as they could keep individuals more accountable by writing.
3. Advacements in Navigation
- Lateen Sails, Astrolabe
- Camels
- Camel Saddle
- Caravanserai
4. Advancements in Architecture
- geometric designs
- domes
- arches
- Mosques (facilitated by math)
5. Advancements in Warfare
- gun powder
- shooting from rockets
Explain the Culture of South Asia 1200-1400
- Culture
Main Religion: Hinduism
- emphasis on reincarnation and cycling between life and death
- belief in karma
- Polytheistic (many gods)
- enforced caste system (social) and provided a unified region for millenia
- ethnic religion (not universalizing)
Changes:
Bakthi Movement (700-1400)
- rejection of hierarchies and doctrines
- one main god
- more open
Sufism (change in Islam)
Buddhism - more exclusive
Explain the Political Structure of South Asia 1200-1400
- Politics
Rajput Kingdoms - Resisted to Islamic rule in the North and rival Hindu Kingdoms
- some conquered, some maintained independence
Vijaynagara Empire (1300-1500) -Bottom of South Asia
Supposed to spread islam, established own hindu kingdom
Explain the Political Structure of South East Asia 1200-1400
- Politics
Sea Based
- merchants spread islam to the area
- Indonesian merchants spread Hinduism and Buddhism
Srivijaya Empire in Sumatra (650-1300)
- ruled through Strait of Malacca
- taxed Chinese ships and became wealthy
- Hindu and Buddhist (from China)
- took advantage of “spice islands” and taxed (nutmeg, cloves, pepper)
- impressive fleets and naives
- religiously tolerant and unified Indonesia
Majapahit Empire (Java) (1300-1500)
- fertile soil
- not religiously tolerant
Explain the Economy of South East Asia
- Economy
- Srivijaya Empire (650-1200):
- Thallosacracy (sea based)
- lots of taxing in Straits of Malacca
- traded nutmeg, peppers, and cloves
- utilized “spice islands” and fleets/ships
- religiously tolerant - Majapahit empire (1293-1500)
- exerted control using tribute (demanded other states to pay) - Sinhala Dynasty (580-1800) (Srilanka)
- land-based - Khmer Empire (800-1400)
- Hindu
- caste-based
- became buddhist
- Established Angkor Wat
- shows state building, wealth, and power, acceptance of different religions by rulers
Towering aspects show South East Asian
Explain the Culture of South East Asia:
Srivijaya Empire:
- Hindu/Buddhist (Mahayana)
- strong buddhist place
Majapahit Kingdom:
- primarily Hindu, then buddishm
Borobudur Temple - originally intended for islamic purposes, then became major buddhist site) - spread buddhism
- 3 levels (represents spirituality)
- Buddha
- All three in straight line
Has distinctive southeast asian aspects:
- blocky, square bricks
- bell-like features
- grayish coors
- tributaries and forced others to pay
4. Khmer Empire (800-1400)
- Hindu
- caste-based
- became buddhist
- Established Angkor Wat
- shows state building, wealth, and power, acceptance of different religions by rulers
Towering aspects show South East Asian
Explain State Building (Politics) In the Americas
Politics
Aztec (Mexica) Civilization:
1. Tribute System: Aztecs demanded cotton, textiles, stones (turquoise), other precious goods to be sent to Tenochitlan to avoid war (one way they earned money and consolidated their rule)
2. Human Sacrifice: prisoners of war and civilians were sacrificed and became a way they consolidated their rule (and motivation to expand to provide blood for gods).
Inca Civilization:
Centralized Bureaucracy
Mita System: forced community service for prisoners and other people (not so much tribute)
Explain Economy in the Americas
Economy
Aztec (Mexica) Civilization:
1. Chinampas: Aztecs used floating gardens called chinampas to overcome the land deficit. This allowed population to boom.
2. Trade: the Aztecs traded with their provinces to gain goods such as obsidian, crops, metals, etc. using barter system (no money)
3. Tribute system: demanding goods also boosted the economy of the Aztecs.
4. Market Places
Inca:
Mita System
Terrace Farming.
Explain Culture in the Americas 1200-1450
Culture
Aztec (Mexica) Civilization:
1. Human Sacrifices: they believed they needed to offer sacrifices to sustain balance and their world
2. Great knowledge in astronomy and calendar. They believed alignment of the cosmos dictated their daily lives.
3. Great buildings (tenochtitlan) and temples (Pyramid of Sun)
Inca
Not as much human sacrifice, worshipped sun god.
Explain the Social Structure in the Americas 1200-1450
Social Structure:
Aztec (Mexica) Civilization:
1. Emperor at the top, prisoners on the bottom
Cahokia/Missipian Culture
Very hierarchical
Explain the Political structure of Europe in 1200-1450
Politics:
Decentralized: Due to Rome’s fall (Although Byzantine survived) - provided stability and harmony
Feudalism emerged (result of decentralization)
King - give land
Lords - give protection and land to knights
Knights - give protection
Farmers/Peasants - work
Serfdom was prevalent
Manoralism: people worked on a piece of land owned by a more powerful individual
1215: Signing of Magna Carta gave more rights to lords/nobles and less to monarchs
1265: English Parliament
Continuity: Roman Catholic Church - provided stability and harmony
Roman Catholic Church vs Kings/Monarchs
Kiev Rus:
Explain the Culture of Europe in 1200-1450
Culture
Crusades: fight between Islam and Christianity
Christian Artwork to spread religion, educate peasantry (who couldn’t read), show power of church. Helped empower crusades.
Crusades: led to exploration/expansion –> new innovations plus intelligence
Marco Polo’s accounts from China increased exploration and innovation
Kiev Rus:
Influenced by Byzantine Christian missionary activity
Explain the Economy of Europe in 1200-1450
Economy
Bourgeoise: rise in middle classes due to new innovations brought from crusades, marketplaces, more cities. Backbone of Renaissance.
Little Ice Age: 1300
low agriculture, low population, low employment, high crime
Renaissance: culture and booming economy.
Kiev Rus:
Golden Age: strong government of Vladimir I
Relied on Byzantine Empire, caused collapse and conquer of Golden Khanate (Mongol Rule)
Explain the Politics of Africa 1200-1450
Politics:
Kinship Ties (decentralized)
Southern Africa: Great Zimbabwe: great architecture and social hierarchy
mined, cattle raised, trading
Eastern Africa:
Axum-Ethiopia: christianity spread from mediterranean - Egypt - Ethiopia
Swahili Coasts - relied on ocean trade and survived off of economy
