AP World History Modern Unit 1 Flashcards
Explain the Cultural developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
1.Culture:
Confucianism (collapsed during Han dynasty)- hierarchy as philosophy (father over son, husband over wife, etc.)
Neo-confucianism (starting in Tang): syncretism between Daoist and Buddhist beliefs + revival of old confucianism - demonstrates innovation and continuity - allowed emperors to consolidate rule
Filial piety: respect for elders - allowed emperors to justify and maintain rule
Explain the Political developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Government
Neo-confucianism and filial piety to consolidate rule
Large Imperial bureaucracy dictated by civil service exams to educate elite
- maintained control and order and efficiency
Centralized (under a ruler)
bureaucracy: specific ministries overlooked the kingdom to deliver ruler’s orders
- kept everything in control and order
State building: Grand Canal - shows government building
Explain the Social developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Social Structure
filial piety influenced patriarchy
Women were the subordinate position (below men)
- could not own property, remarry, no proper legal rights
- Foot binding (shows patriarchy and social class)
Social mobility - civil examination allowed for lower classes to rise
Explain the Economic developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Economy
Champa Rice from Vietnam - increased agricultural yield + population (boosted economy)
Grand Canal - transported goods and enhanced trade
New production of steel from iron
- armor, currency, agricultural tools, made by artisans fueled the economy
New innovations:
paper money increased efficiency of economy
movable type, hydraulic engineering (canals), champa rice, magnetic compass, junkyard ships boosted economy
Explain the Technological developments utilized by Song China 1200-1400
- Technology
Movable type - printing cheaper, easier, and spread of cultures + literature + art
Porcelain - spread of art and creativity and increased trade (economy and culture)
Gunpowder - seige warfare, politics, economy
Paper money - easier trade (boost in economy)
Magnetic Compass - easier navigation and sea trade
Junkyard ships - easier trade and interactions with other states
Iron + Steel - better agricultural tools (increased agriculture and economy), new currencies/coins, armor
Explain the Political Developments of Dar al-Islam in circa 1200-1450
- Politics
Change in Abbasid caliphate (Middle East and North Africa) system (no more Arab) and a rise in pastoralist society (Seljuk Turks in 1130) - Central Asia
Change because not Arab-but turkic. Continuity because it is still centralized
Change in Ayyubid Sultanate (Egypt in 1143 granted by Abbasid Caliphate) - Rise of Mamluk Sultanate (illustrative example of a new ruling method in 1260)
Delhi Sultanate - example of islam spreading
ONE MAJOR CONTINUITY - military consistently governed peoples and implemented sharia law
Explain the Cultural Expansion of Dar al-Islam in circa 1200-1400
Culture.
1. Military Expansion: military expeditions
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) - Turks invaded Northern India to spread islam across Hindus
Hindus did not react well to it (polytheism, caste system, etc.)
- Rajput Kingdoms were a form of resistance
Sufism helped lower class of India to convert to Islam
Spain - military action allowed conversion in the Iberian peninsula and the establishments of numerous mosques such as Cordoba
2. Commercial/Market spread:
Western Africa: peaceful conversion as merchants explained Islam
Reached all hierarchies –Mansa Musa
Affected Ghana, Mali, Songhai
New technology also facilitated growth in culture
- New philosphies
- geometric designs
- making paper mills (allowed for writing)
Explain the Technological Developments of Dar al-Islam in circa 1200-1400
Technology
1. Baghdad center of learning (spread new ideas)
- increased scholar sponsorship which spread even more scientific ideas
2. Advancements in Mathematics and Medicine
- Algebra, Arabic numerals, Trigonometry
- establishments of hospitals, mixing of herbal medicine, encyclopedia of medicine
- spreading of paper mills from China to Dar-alIslam is an example of technological transfer. It allowed states to have more control as they could keep individuals more accountable by writing.
3. Advacements in Navigation
- Lateen Sails, Astrolabe
- Camels
- Camel Saddle
- Caravanserai
4. Advancements in Architecture
- geometric designs
- domes
- arches
- Mosques (facilitated by math)
5. Advancements in Warfare
- gun powder
- shooting from rockets
Explain the Culture of South Asia 1200-1400
- Culture
Main Religion: Hinduism
- emphasis on reincarnation and cycling between life and death
- belief in karma
- Polytheistic (many gods)
- enforced caste system (social) and provided a unified region for millenia
- ethnic religion (not universalizing)
Changes:
Bakthi Movement (700-1400)
- rejection of hierarchies and doctrines
- one main god
- more open
Sufism (change in Islam)
Buddhism - more exclusive
Explain the Political Structure of South Asia 1200-1400
- Politics
Rajput Kingdoms - Resisted to Islamic rule in the North and rival Hindu Kingdoms
- some conquered, some maintained independence
Vijaynagara Empire (1300-1500) -Bottom of South Asia
Supposed to spread islam, established own hindu kingdom
Explain the Political Structure of South East Asia 1200-1400
- Politics
Sea Based
- merchants spread islam to the area
- Indonesian merchants spread Hinduism and Buddhism
Srivijaya Empire in Sumatra (650-1300)
- ruled through Strait of Malacca
- taxed Chinese ships and became wealthy
- Hindu and Buddhist (from China)
- took advantage of “spice islands” and taxed (nutmeg, cloves, pepper)
- impressive fleets and naives
- religiously tolerant and unified Indonesia
Majapahit Empire (Java) (1300-1500)
- fertile soil
- not religiously tolerant
Explain the Economy of South East Asia
- Economy
- Srivijaya Empire (650-1200):
- Thallosacracy (sea based)
- lots of taxing in Straits of Malacca
- traded nutmeg, peppers, and cloves
- utilized “spice islands” and fleets/ships
- religiously tolerant - Majapahit empire (1293-1500)
- exerted control using tribute (demanded other states to pay) - Sinhala Dynasty (580-1800) (Srilanka)
- land-based - Khmer Empire (800-1400)
- Hindu
- caste-based
- became buddhist
- Established Angkor Wat
- shows state building, wealth, and power, acceptance of different religions by rulers
Towering aspects show South East Asian
Explain the Culture of South East Asia:
Srivijaya Empire:
- Hindu/Buddhist (Mahayana)
- strong buddhist place
Majapahit Kingdom:
- primarily Hindu, then buddishm
Borobudur Temple - originally intended for islamic purposes, then became major buddhist site) - spread buddhism
- 3 levels (represents spirituality)
- Buddha
- All three in straight line
Has distinctive southeast asian aspects:
- blocky, square bricks
- bell-like features
- grayish coors
- tributaries and forced others to pay
4. Khmer Empire (800-1400)
- Hindu
- caste-based
- became buddhist
- Established Angkor Wat
- shows state building, wealth, and power, acceptance of different religions by rulers
Towering aspects show South East Asian
Explain State Building (Politics) In the Americas
Politics
Aztec (Mexica) Civilization:
1. Tribute System: Aztecs demanded cotton, textiles, stones (turquoise), other precious goods to be sent to Tenochitlan to avoid war (one way they earned money and consolidated their rule)
2. Human Sacrifice: prisoners of war and civilians were sacrificed and became a way they consolidated their rule (and motivation to expand to provide blood for gods).
Inca Civilization:
Centralized Bureaucracy
Mita System: forced community service for prisoners and other people (not so much tribute)
Explain Economy in the Americas
Economy
Aztec (Mexica) Civilization:
1. Chinampas: Aztecs used floating gardens called chinampas to overcome the land deficit. This allowed population to boom.
2. Trade: the Aztecs traded with their provinces to gain goods such as obsidian, crops, metals, etc. using barter system (no money)
3. Tribute system: demanding goods also boosted the economy of the Aztecs.
4. Market Places
Inca:
Mita System
Terrace Farming.
