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History, Geo, etc. > AP World History 2 > Flashcards

AP World History 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Medici family

A

powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s; patrons of the arts

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2
Q

Mercator Projection

A

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder

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3
Q

Baron de Montesqieu

A

created the idea of seperation of power

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4
Q

Nasir al-Din

A

Islamic 13th century scholar who wrote mathematical tables

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5
Q

Isaac Newton

A

defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

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6
Q

patrons

A

a person who supports artists; especially financially

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7
Q

putting-out system

A

system of merchant-capitalists delivering raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment

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8
Q

Raphael

A

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos; his most famous being The School of Athens.

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9
Q

Renaissance Man

A

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

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10
Q

Jacques Rousseau

A

French philosopher that believed the right to rule should be from the people; not a king.

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11
Q

rule of law

A

principle that the law applies to everyone; even those who govern

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12
Q

William Shakespeare

A

English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language

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13
Q

Adam Smith

A

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

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14
Q

Voltaire

A

believed in religious tolerance and freedom of speech

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15
Q

Atahualpa

A

last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

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16
Q

caravel

A

a small; highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

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17
Q

castas

A

middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes)

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18
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

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19
Q

conquistadors

A

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

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20
Q

Hernan Cortes

A

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

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21
Q

creoles

A

descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social; political; economic status

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22
Q

Vasco Da Gama

A

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India

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23
Q

Bartholomew Dias

A

Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope

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24
Q

encomenderos

A

Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas

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25
Q

Atlantic Circuit

A

the network of trade routes connecting Europe; Africa; and the Americas

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26
Q

Henry the Navigator

A

Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

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27
Q

indentured servant

A

person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America.

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28
Q

Bartholome de Las Casas

A

a Spanish priest who settled in the New World and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans.

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29
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

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30
Q

Manila galleons

A

Heavily armed; fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.

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31
Q

mestizos

A

people of Native American and European descent

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32
Q

Middle Passage

A

a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

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33
Q

Moctezuma

A

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

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34
Q

mulattos

A

people of mixed African and European ancestry

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35
Q

peninsulares

A

Spanish-born; came to Latin America; ruled; highest social class

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36
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

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37
Q

Protestant work ethic

A

way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

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38
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

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39
Q

viceroyalties

A

provinces ruled by viceroys; direct representatives of the monarch.

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40
Q

viceroys

A

representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain’s colonial empire

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41
Q

Yongle

A

Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia.

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42
Q

African Diaspora

A

the forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas

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43
Q

Asante

A

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. participated in the Atlantic economy; trading gold; slaves; and ivory

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44
Q

Benin

A

a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s

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45
Q

Cape Colony

A

a former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814

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46
Q

Dahomey

A

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers’ exploitation of the slave trade.

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47
Q

Olaudah Equiano

A

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom; he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

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48
Q

Kongo

A

kingdom based on agriculture; formed on lower Kongo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy

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49
Q

army of the pure

A

Sikh army that challenged the Mughals

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50
Q

Babur

A

founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530.

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51
Q

devshirme

A

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

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52
Q

Divine Faith

A

one of Akbar’s attempts to reconcile Muslim and Hindu people; a combination of Muslim; Hindu; Zoroastrian; Christian and Sikh

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53
Q

Fatehepur Sikri

A

pre-mughal Indian; Persian; and central Asian architecture. Seen in forts; palaces; gardens; mosques; tombs; cenotaphs.

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54
Q

guru

A

each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion

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55
Q

Hidden Imam

A

12th descendant of Ali who disappeared as a child

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56
Q

imam

A

a leader of prayer in a mosque

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57
Q

Ismail

A

this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire

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58
Q

Mughal Empire

A

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

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59
Q

Nanuk

A

(1469-1539) stressed meditation and drew upon Islam and Hinduism; first guru

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60
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans; the Near East; and much of North Africa

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61
Q

purdah

A

the traditional Middle Eastern custom of seclusion for women

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62
Q

qizilbash

A

swordsmen calvary of the Safavid

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63
Q

Safavid Empire

A

Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries

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64
Q

sati

A

Hindu custom that called for a wife to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre

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65
Q

Shah Abbas I

A

the fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629); moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598.

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66
Q

sikhism

A

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

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67
Q

Taj Mahal

A

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

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68
Q

Twelver Shi’ism

A

a religion based on Muslim beliefs; as well as the ‘hidden Imam’

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69
Q

alternate attendance

A

practice of shoguns requiring samuari to spend extended periods of time at the court in Edo

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70
Q

boyars

A

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

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71
Q

cossaks

A

undertook their own campaigns of expansion and vastly extended the range of Russian influence.

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72
Q

daimyos

A

powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun

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73
Q

floating worlds

A

term for centers of urban culture in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate.

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74
Q

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

A

general under Nobunaga; leading military power in central Japan; broke power of the diamyos; became military master in 1590

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75
Q

Tokugawa Ieyasu

A

this man established a shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years

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76
Q

Ivan III

A

Ivan the Great; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia

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77
Q

Ivan IV

A

the Terrible; beat the Mongols; Tartars; and the Poles; forced nobles into service; first ruler to take the title tsar

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78
Q

Kangxi

A

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

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79
Q

Qianlong

A

ruler that helped to secure Qing borders but ended up causing the downfall of the Qing Dynasty

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80
Q

queue

A

the braided pigtail that was traditionally worn by Chinese males in Qing Dynasty

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81
Q

Matteo Ricci

A

Italian Jesuit who wanted to convert China to Christianity during the Ming dynasty

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82
Q

Romanov Family

A

royal family that ruled Russia for over 300 years that was overthrown and killed by Lenin

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83
Q

Table of Ranks

A

created by Peter; it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility … nobility based on merit

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84
Q

Window on the West

A

St. Petersburg on newly acquired lands on the Baltic Sea

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85
Q

caliph

A

a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

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86
Q

chivalry

A

a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave; loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle

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87
Q

civil service

A

the group of people who carry out the work of the government; selected by an exam in China

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88
Q

credit

A

arrangement for deferred payment for goods and services

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89
Q

decentralized

A

governmental power is spread among more than one person or group

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90
Q

dowry

A

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

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91
Q

Eastern Orthodox

A

this Christian religion broke away from the Roman church when it would not accept the authority of the Pope as the head of the church

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92
Q

fiefs

A

pieces of land given to vassals by their lord

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93
Q

Garrisons

A

military bases on the Silk Road to protect travelers on their journey

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94
Q

Gothic

A

relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe; featuring ribbed vaults; stained glass windows; flying buttresses; pointed arches; and tall spires

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95
Q

Hajj

A

the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah

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96
Q

heresy

A

a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion

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97
Q

heretic

A

a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church

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98
Q

hijab

A

a headscarf worn by Muslim women

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99
Q

illegitimate

A

contrary to or forbidden by law

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100
Q

infrastructure

A

the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area

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101
Q

interaction

A

the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

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102
Q

Inquisition

A

a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy

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103
Q

interrogation

A

formal questioning by persons in authority; especially in the church

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104
Q

Islam

A

the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

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105
Q

literate

A

able to read and write

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106
Q

matriarch

A

a female head of a family or tribe

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107
Q

medieval

A

relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages

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108
Q

meritocracy

A

the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth

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109
Q

Middle Ages

A

the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance

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110
Q

migration

A

the movement of persons from one country or locality to another

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111
Q

monetary system

A

system of coins and bills to create a standard value of wealth

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112
Q

mosque

A

a Muslim house of worship

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113
Q

Muslim

A

a believer or follower of Islam

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114
Q

nation-state

A

a country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity

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115
Q

orthodox

A

adhering to the traditional and established; especially in religion

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116
Q

patriarch

A

the male head of family or tribe

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117
Q

patriarchal

A

male led society and household

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118
Q

persecution

A

the abuse of a person or group because of their beliefs or appearance

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119
Q

pilgrims

A

people on a religious journey

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120
Q

pilgrimage

A

a journey to a sacred place

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121
Q

primogeniture

A

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

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122
Q

Roman Catholic

A

the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy

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123
Q

schism

A

division of a group into opposing factions

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124
Q

secluded

A

hidden from general view or use

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125
Q

serfs

A

men of women who were the poorest members of society; peasants who worked the lord’s land in exchange for protection

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126
Q

submissive

A

willing to submit without resistance to authority

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127
Q

subordinate

A

rank or order as less important or consider of less value

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128
Q

trans-continental

A

spanning or crossing a continent

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129
Q

tribute systems

A

allowed reciprocal trade under both imperial protection and imperial regulation and barred entry into this trade by those who did not participate

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130
Q

Baghdad

A

capital city of Iraq; as heart of the Arab Empire; it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.

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131
Q

Black Death

A

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

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132
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats; fleas.

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133
Q

Chang-an

A

capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million; larger than any other city in the world at that time.

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134
Q

Constantinople

A

previously known as Byzantium; Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.

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135
Q

Crusades

A

a series of military expeditions in the 11th; 12th; and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

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136
Q

Empress Wu

A

the only woman to rule China in her own name; expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.

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137
Q

European feudalism

A

was made up of a king; the next level was church officials and nobles; then knights; peasants; finally merchants

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138
Q

Japanese feudalism

A

emperor (has no real power) -> shogun (has the real power) - hereditary -> daimyo (the lower nobles under the shogun) -> samurai (knights)

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139
Q

foot-binding

A

practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women’s movement; made it easier to confine women to the household

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140
Q

Franks

A

a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s

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141
Q

Charlemagne

A

king of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe; great patron of leterature and learning

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142
Q

Ghengis Khan

A

Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness.

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143
Q

Hanseatic League

A

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.

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144
Q

Hundred Years War

A

the series of wars between England and France; 1337-1453; in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.

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145
Q

Code of Justinian

A

compilation of the complex system of Roman laws; became the system of laws for the Byzantine Empire

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146
Q

Magna Carta

A

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

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147
Q

Mansa Musa

A

this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa

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148
Q

neo-Confucianism

A

a philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements

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149
Q

sacking of Constantinople

A

1453; sacked becuse it was the most logical place to rule. Mehmet the conqueror; Solidly Christian; considered a huge blow to western Christianity

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150
Q

St. Cyril

A

a missionary in the 9th century who invented an alphabet for the Slavic language

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151
Q

cyrillic alphabet

A

an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages

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152
Q

Schism in Christianity

A

the medieval division between Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church

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153
Q

schism in Islam

A

the Shia / Sunni split which occurred in the decades immediately following the death of the Prophet Mohammed in 632

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154
Q

Shintoism

A

the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma

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155
Q

Timbuktu

A

Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning

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156
Q

Tenochitlan

A

Aztec capital city (now the site of Mexico City)

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157
Q

William the Conqueror

A

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

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158
Q

Abu Bakr

A

first caliph after death of Muhammad

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159
Q

animism

A

the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls

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160
Q

Bedouins

A

small groups of nomadic people in Arabia

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161
Q

Black Stone

A

meteorite placed in shrine (Ka’ba) in Mecca; Muslims pay homage to it

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162
Q

caliphate

A

the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph

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163
Q

Five Pillars of Faith

A

five steps to take to become less evil; part of the Islam religion; affirmation; prayer; almsgiving; fasting; and pilgrimage

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164
Q

golden age

A

period of great cultural achievement

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165
Q

hadith

A

(Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions

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166
Q

harem

A

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

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167
Q

jihad

A

Islamic holy war

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168
Q

jinns

A

desert spirits (associated w/ demonic shaitans)

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169
Q

Ka’ba

A

the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca; believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth

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170
Q

madrasas

A

Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.

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171
Q

minaret

A

the tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin; or crier; calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

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172
Q

Muhammad

A

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

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173
Q

The Night Journey

A

Muhammad’s supreme mystical experience; woken by Gabriel; went to heaven and saw prophets; told by Allah to pray five times a day

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174
Q

People of the Book

A

what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god

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175
Q

Qur’an

A

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

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176
Q

Seal of the Prophets

A

Muhammad’s name for himself; signifying that he was the final prophet of Allah.

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177
Q

Seljuk Turks

A

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader

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178
Q

shari’a

A

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

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179
Q

Shi’ites

A

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali

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180
Q

Sunni

A

a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad

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181
Q

Sufis

A

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer; fasting; and a simple life

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182
Q

sultan

A

the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)

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183
Q

The Thousand and One Nights

A

a popular Muslim literature that included collection of fairy tales; parables; and legends

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184
Q

ulama

A

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward; the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.

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185
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A

established by Muawiya; moved capital from Medina to Damascus; that action split Islam (Shi’ites & Sunnites)

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186
Q

umma

A

the Muslim community or people; considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan

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187
Q

vizier

A

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

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188
Q

barter

A

exchange goods without involving money

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189
Q

Benedictine Rule

A

a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages

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190
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

empire that grew from the eastern part of the former Roman Empire; lasted until around 1400

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191
Q

caesaropapism

A

the dual role of the state and leader of the church in which a temporal ruler extends his own powers to theological and ecclesiastical matters

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192
Q

canon law

A

the Church’s own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings; the behavior of the clergy; and even marriages and morals

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193
Q

Carolingian family

A

a group of Frankish nobles that took control of the Frankish empire

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194
Q

Clovis

A

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

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195
Q

excommunication

A

the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church

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196
Q

interdict

A

an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district

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197
Q

ghettos

A

sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.

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198
Q

guilds

A

an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits; formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards

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199
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople; built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

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200
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

loose federation of mostly German states and principalities; headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

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201
Q

Justinian

A

Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians

202
Q

manorialism

A

economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

203
Q

missi dominici

A

agents of Emperor Charlemagne who traveled throughout the empire to check the condition of the roads; listen to grievances; and see that justice was done

204
Q

pogroms

A

organized violence against Jews

205
Q

Renaissance

A

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world

206
Q

Saladin

A

(1137-1193) powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade; defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

207
Q

Sassanid Empire

A

the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years.

208
Q

scholasticism

A

a philosophical and theological system; associated with Thomas Aquinas; devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

209
Q

Theodora

A

the wife of Justinian; she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

210
Q

usury

A

the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest

211
Q

vernacular languages

A

everyday speech that varies from place to place

212
Q

Vikings

A

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.

213
Q

ayllus

A

in Incan society; a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler

214
Q

Aztecs

A

also known as Mexica; they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

215
Q

Cahokia

A

an ancient settlement of southern Indians; located near present day St. Louis; it served as a trading center for 40;000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

216
Q

chinampas

A

floating farming islands made by the Aztec

217
Q

classical Mesoamerica

A

period of the Mayan and the Teotihuacan; low population; simple government.

218
Q

Inca

A

a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s

219
Q

khipus

A

recording devices used in the incan empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region

220
Q

Maya

A

extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar

221
Q

mit’a

A

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

222
Q

Moche

A

civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.

223
Q

Quechua

A

Andean society also known as the Inca

224
Q

Quetzalcoatl

A

an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent

225
Q

slash and burn agriculture

A

a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land

226
Q

stelae

A

large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers.

227
Q

Teotihuacan

A

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica; collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic “pyramid of the sun”.

228
Q

Toltecs

A

powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica.

229
Q

Topiltzin

A

most influential Toltec leader; dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl

230
Q

bakufu

A

military-style government of the Japanese shogun

231
Q

Du Fu

A

a famous chinese poet who wrote “spring landscape” and his poems were base on the suffering of his own life

232
Q

equal fields system

A

equal land distribution; certain amt. of land after death of family member re distributed (for $); allowed for more revenue (want peasants to invest in civil service exam)

233
Q

Fujiwara family

A

Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power

234
Q

hegemony

A

the domination of one state over its allies

235
Q

Heian Era

A

high level of culture and learning; court structure and court intrigue; Imperial families and their courts; women and male roles in Japan

236
Q

Il-Khan

A

a khanate expanding through Armenia; Azerbaijan; Mesopotamia; and Iran;

237
Q

Jagadai

A

khanate situated between all other 3 khanates; most famous ruler was Timur; who expanded this khanate by conquering India and attempting to capture China as well

238
Q

Khanate of the Golden Horde

A

the Mongol empire; that; after the fall of Kiev; ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years

239
Q

Khanate of the Great Khan

A

also known as the Yuan dynasty; included Mongolia and China

240
Q

Koryo Dynasty

A

ruled Korea from the late 9th century to 1892

241
Q

kowtow

A

a Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission

242
Q

Kubilai Khan

A

grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271

243
Q

Li Bo

A

most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.

244
Q

Liao Empire

A

916-1121. Mongolia and Northern China. Ceramics; painting; armies (cavalry and seize craft). 1110- Song made alliance with Jurchens (neighbors). Song took over.

245
Q

Mencius

A

major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects.

246
Q

The Middle Kingdom

A

Chinese belief that they were the center of the world

247
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere; but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

248
Q

Alexander Nevskii

A

prince of Novgorod; submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240

249
Q

Osman

A

most successful warrior and “founder” of Ottomans

250
Q

Ottoman Turks

A

Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

251
Q

Pax Mongolica

A

era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire

252
Q

samurai

A

a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy

253
Q

shogun

A

the head of the military government of Japan in the era of the samurai

254
Q

Silla Dynasty

A

the dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE.

255
Q

Song Dynasty

A

the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy

256
Q

Sui Dynasty

A

the short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal; strengthened the government; and introduced Buddhism to China

257
Q

The Tale of Genji

A

written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor’s son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.

258
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

dynasty often referred to as China’s Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

259
Q

Temujin

A

birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227)

260
Q

Uighurs

A

Turkic empire of the steppes; flourished in eighth century CE

261
Q

Xi Xia Empire

A

kingdom of the Tangut people that was north of Song kingdom in mid-11th century that collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry

262
Q

Yuan Dynasty

A

dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan; replaced the Song (1279-1368)

263
Q

Africanity

A

perceived unity of the sub-Saharan cultures.

264
Q

Delhi Sultanate

A

centralized Indian empire of varying extent; created by Muslim invaders.

265
Q

Ghana

A

the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade

266
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

in southeastern Africa the Shona people established this city which grew into an empire built on the gold trade. By 1450; this city was mysteriously abandoned.

267
Q

griots

A

a west African storyteller

268
Q

Hausa

A

a group of people named after the language they spoke. They first emerged in what is today northern Nigeria between 1000 and 1200.

269
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

Moroccan Muslim scholar; the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

270
Q

Mali

A

empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

271
Q

Marco Polo

A

Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)

272
Q

Songhai

A

a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591

273
Q

stateless society

A

a group of independent villages organized into clans and led by a local ruler or clan head without any central government

274
Q

Sundiata

A

the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

275
Q

Swahili Coast

A

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil; meaning ‘shores.’

276
Q

postclassical Mesoamerica

A

era of Aztecs

277
Q

agriculture

A

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber

278
Q

agrarian

A

a society that depends on agriculture is…

279
Q

bands/clans

A

basic unit of social organization among foragers; includes fewer than 100 people in a nomadic; small; mobile; kin-based groups with little differential power.

280
Q

barbarian

A

a person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized

281
Q

bureaucracy

A

a government organized by department

282
Q

civilization

A

a society with reliable food surplus; specialized occupations; social class distinctions; cities; complex governments; trade; and an organized writing system

283
Q

city-states

A

large towns that conquered the surrounding countryside; often competed with each other

284
Q

classical

A

the period from approximately 600 BCE to 600 CE

285
Q

domestication

A

the taming of animals for human use; such as work or as food

286
Q

economy

A

the way civilizations manage money and resources for the production of goods and services

287
Q

egalitarian

A

a society in which all people are relatively equal

288
Q

emperor

A

the ruler of an empire

289
Q

empire

A

a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

290
Q

feudalism

A

loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

291
Q

foraging

A

a food-getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals

292
Q

hierarchy

A

the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body

293
Q

hierarchical

A

arranging things one above the other by rank

294
Q

hunter-gatherer

A

a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.

295
Q

irrigation

A

a way of supplying water to an area of land

296
Q

monarchy

A

a government ruled by a king or queen

297
Q

monotheism

A

belief in one god

298
Q

neolithic

A

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

299
Q

nomadic

A

(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently

300
Q

pastoral

A

societies that were characterized by the domestication of animals but usually did not settle down and farm or build towns.

301
Q

paleolithic

A

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic Period.

302
Q

philosophy

A

a basic viewpoint of the system of values of an individual or society

303
Q

polytheism

A

the worship of many gods

304
Q

river valley

A

the fertile land surrounding a river

305
Q

sedentary

A

not migratory; settled

306
Q

settlement

A

a community of people smaller than a town

307
Q

substistence

A

condition in which people produce only enough to survive

308
Q

surplus

A

more than is needed; desired; or required

309
Q

sustenance

A

the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence

310
Q

theocracy

A

government by divine power or priests

311
Q

traditional

A

pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines

312
Q

urbanization

A

the growth of cities

313
Q

vassals

A

person granted land by a feudal lord in return for services

314
Q

Alexander the Great

A

356-323 b.c.; king of Macedonia 336-323: conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India.

315
Q

Analects

A

the collection of Confucius’s thoughts and sayings

316
Q

Bronze Age

A

the latter part of the Neolithic Era; characterized by the use of a new; stronger metal

317
Q

Byzantium

A

the eastern portion of the Roman empire; lasted 1000 years after the fall of Western Rome

318
Q

calendar

A

a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year

319
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

credited as the first written law code; written by a Babylonian king and established the basis for law codes

320
Q

cuneiform

A

the form of writing developed by the Sumerians

321
Q

democracy

A

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

322
Q

Eight Fold Path

A

eight guides to thought and conduct in the Buddhism religion

323
Q

Four Noble Truths

A

as taught by the Buddha; the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism

324
Q

Gothic Migrations

A

were the migrations of the visigoths into the buffer states of Rome then into Rome itself

325
Q

Great Wall

A

a fortification 1;500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC

326
Q

Han Dynasty

A

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

327
Q

Hellenism

A

the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization

328
Q

The Huns

A

source of raids on Rome; fierce warriors from Central Asia. First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms

329
Q

Indian Ocean Trade

A

world’s richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa

330
Q

Iron Age

A

the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of another metal in tools and weapons

331
Q

Jewish Diaspora

A

the scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE

332
Q

legalism

A

Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws

333
Q

Pax Romana

A

a period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire; lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

334
Q

pyramids

A

monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.

335
Q

Roman Republic

A

the period from 507 to 31 B.C.E.; during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate

336
Q

Roman Senate

A

a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city’s leaders

337
Q

Shang Civilization

A

early civilization centered on the Huang Ho of northern China; dating from c. 1766 to 1122 BC.

338
Q

Shi Huang Di

A

harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)

339
Q

Siddhartha Gautama

A

founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father’s wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha

340
Q

Silk Road

A

the trade route that linked the Eurasian land mass

341
Q

The Torah

A

the most sacred text of Judaism

342
Q

The Vedas of Hinduism

A

one of the sources of prayers; verses; and descriptions of the origins of the universe; guide Hindus

343
Q

Xiongnu

A

nomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty; emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC

344
Q

Ziggurats

A

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped

345
Q

bipedalism

A

the ability to walk upright on two legs

346
Q

Catal Hayuk

A

a large neolithic city in modern Turkey; used stone and bone for tools but died out before metal was used; from 6500BCE-5700BCE.

347
Q

cultural diffusion

A

the spread of ideas; customs; and technologies from one people to another

348
Q

division of labor

A

characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs

349
Q

horticulture

A

cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes

350
Q

independent invention

A

development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances

351
Q

Jericho

A

oldest Neolithic community in the West Bank between Israel and Jordan

352
Q

Lucy

A

the first human who left remains of her bones; she lived around 3.5 million years ago.

353
Q

marker events of pre-history

A

the Neolithic Revolution is the first one of these

354
Q

Neolithic craft industries

A

pottery; metallurgy; and textiles were…

355
Q

Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution

A

change from food gathering to food producing (around 8000 BCE)

356
Q

primary sources

A

eyewitness accounts of history. They include letters; diaries; speeches; and interviews.

357
Q

specialization

A

development of different kinds of jobs

358
Q

Akkadian Empire

A

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

359
Q

Amon-Re

A

the ancient Egyptian god of the sun

360
Q

amulets

A

good luck charms used by ancient Egyptians to keep away evil spirits and prevent injury.

361
Q

Aryans

A

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system

362
Q

Assyrians

A

very harsh people who exploited the use of iron weapons to build their Mesopotamian empire; which lasted less than 100 years. they had a king with absolute power

363
Q

Babylonians

A

extended their empire and helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle East; famous for Hammurabi’s Law Code

364
Q

Book of the Dead

A

scrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt

365
Q

Book of Songs

A

the earliest collection of Chinese poetry; it provides glimpses of what life was like in the early Zhou Dynasty

366
Q

cataracts

A

rapids along a river; such as those along the Nile in Egypt

367
Q

Chavin

A

the first major South American civilization; which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.

368
Q

Confucianism

A

ideas of Confucius; emphasizing such values as family; tradition; and mutual respect

369
Q

cosmopolitanism

A

the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality.

370
Q

cultural hearths

A

the areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs; innovations; and ideologies that culturally transformed the world

371
Q

Dravidian

A

a member of one of the aboriginal races of India (pushed south by Caucasians and now mixed with them)

372
Q

dynasty

A

a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time

373
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh

A

an epic poem from Mesopotamia; and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

374
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

375
Q

Hammurabi

A

Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC)

376
Q

Harappa

A

a large ancient city of the Indus civilization; created in present-day Pakistan

377
Q

Hittites

A

created an empire in western Asian and threatened the power of the Egyptians; were the first Indo-Europeans to use iron

378
Q

Horus

A

Egyptian falcon-headed solar god

379
Q

Hyksos

A

a group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.

380
Q

Isis

A

Egyptian goddess of fertility

381
Q

labor systems

A

system of labor in which people do specialized jobs

382
Q

Late Bronze Age

A

1600-1200 B.C.; also called the Mycenaean Age.

383
Q

law code

A

written set of laws

384
Q

loess

A

fine; light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China.

385
Q

ma’at

A

the Egyptian concept of truth; justice; and cosmic order; represented by a goddess; often portrayed with a feather upon her head

386
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

the Chinese (Zhou) theory that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people

387
Q

matrilineal

A

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

388
Q

Menes

A

united the kingdoms of lower and upper Egypt and created first Egyptian dynasty

389
Q

Mesopotamia

A

the land between the Tigris and Euphrates

390
Q

Minoans

A

earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C.

391
Q

Mohenjo-Daro

A

Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system.; One of the first settlements in India

392
Q

monsoon rains

A

seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during the summertime that bring extreme rain and flooding

393
Q

Myceneans

A

people from Greek mainland who conquered central Crete; warring people who grouped themselves into clans and tribes

394
Q

Olmec

A

the earliest-known Mesoamerican civilization; which flourished around 1200 B.C. and influenced later societies throughout the region.

395
Q

oracle bones

A

one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods

396
Q

papyrus

A

tall sedge of the Nile valley yielding fiber that served many purposes in historic times; especially for paper making

397
Q

patriarchy

A

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

398
Q

pharoah

A

a king of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political leader

399
Q

pictographs

A

pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing

400
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics; Greek; and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.

401
Q

Semetic

A

a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family including Hebrew; Arabic; Aramaic; and many more

402
Q

shaman

A

an ancient doctor; healer; or priest; they were called upon for religious ceremonies

403
Q

shi

A

educated bureaucrats who were one of the three main social groups of ancient China.

404
Q

social mobility

A

a change in position within the social hierarchy

405
Q

Sumerians

A

people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology; cunieform; and religious conceptions.

406
Q

systems failure

A

a breakdown of the political; social; and economic systems supporting a civilization

407
Q

Zhao Dynasty

A

the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism

408
Q

3rd century crisis

A

Rome; barbarian invasions lead to financial stress; new taxes; debased coinage; and inflation created. financial crisis leads to political crisis; social problems also a problem

409
Q

Actium

A

the battle where Octavian crushed Antony and Cleopatra and took over the Roman empire

410
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

411
Q

Ashoka

A

a ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism

412
Q

atman

A

in Hindu belief; a person’s essential self

413
Q

Attila

A

leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire’s borders during the 5th century

414
Q

Augustus Caesar (Octavian)

A

the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor; ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.

415
Q

Buddhism

A

a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire

416
Q

calligraphy

A

art of beautiful handwriting

417
Q

castes

A

social groups into which people are born and cannot change

418
Q

varna

A

a basic subdivision of humanity in the Hindu caste system

419
Q

jati

A

sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function

420
Q

classical civilizations

A

large civilizations with massive size and political strength; complex cultures; numerous and qualitative written records; complex long distance trade; increased contacts with other people; and more direct influence on modern civilization; in the Mediterranean; the Indian subcontinent; and East Asia.

421
Q

Cleisthenes

A

made athenian assembly-law making body; granted some citizenship to some imms. and former slaves. set-up council of 500; introduced Ostracism

422
Q

Cleopatra

A

last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian’s enemy

423
Q

Constantine

A

Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity

424
Q

consuls

A

chief executives elected to run the government in ancient Rome

425
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)

426
Q

Daoism

A

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

427
Q

Delian League

A

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

428
Q

desertification

A

the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert

429
Q

Diocletian

A

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

430
Q

equites

A

class of business people and landowners in ancient Rome who had wealth and power

431
Q

Etruscans

A

the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted

432
Q

forbidden city

A

a walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China

433
Q

Gupta Empire

A

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism

434
Q

Greek “Classical Age”

A

500-338 BC; also known as the golden age of Greece.

435
Q

Han Wudi

A

extended the Chinese borders to its extent in Imperial China; Trained Civil Services; “Silk Road”

436
Q

Hellenic culture

A

of; pertaining to; or characteristic of the ancient Greeks or their language; culture; thought; etc.; esp. before the time of Alexander the Great.

437
Q

Hellenistic synthesis

A

the blending of Greek and local cultures on the territories conquered by Alexander the Great’s armies; as a result a distinct new culture emerged

438
Q

helots

A

Spartan word for their slaves; who were the conquered Messenians

439
Q

Hinduism

A

the major Indian religious system; which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 1500 B.C.

440
Q

hoplites

A

heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens

441
Q

Julius Caesar

A

the general during the Roman Republic who took over after the civil war and established Rome as an empire.

442
Q

Laozi

A

Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.

443
Q

lateen sail

A

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

444
Q

Law of the Twelve Tables

A

Roman code of law administered by Augustus Caesar

445
Q

Marathon

A

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

446
Q

Mark Antony

A

Caesar’s right-hand man; teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar’s murders; fell in love with Cleopatra; went into civil war; at Battle of Actium; he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide

447
Q

Mauryan Dynasty

A

first ruler was Chandragupta Maurya; unified much of the entire subcontinent; large armies with thousands of chariots and elephant borne troops; developed a substantial bureaucracy with a postal service; autocratic government

448
Q

natural law

A

a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society

449
Q

aristocracy

A

a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

450
Q

patricians

A

the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners

451
Q

Mycenaeans

A

first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy

452
Q

plebians

A

members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers; merchants; artisans and traders

453
Q

patron-client relationship

A

Ancient Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients; men of lesser status and means; and in return the clients supported their patrons

454
Q

Peloponnesian War

A

a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta

455
Q

Pericles

A

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

456
Q

Phoenicians

A

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform

457
Q

phonetic alphabet

A

an alphabet that contains a different symbol for each individual sound in a language; in this alphabet there is a one to one relationship between sounds and symbols

458
Q

Plato

A

(430-347 BCE) qas a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms; in which there was another world of perfection.

459
Q

polis

A

a city-state in Ancient Greece

460
Q

princeps

A

Latin for “first citizen.” Augustus and other Roman emperors gave themselves this title to distinguish themselves from Hellenistic monarchs

461
Q

Qin Dynasty

A

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

462
Q

Punic Wars

A

the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage; 264-241; 218-201; and 149-146 b.c.; resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome.

463
Q

reincarnation

A

the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person’s own actions

464
Q

satraps

A

governors of provinces in the Persian Empire

465
Q

Roman Empire

A

an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire

466
Q

scholar-gentry

A

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.

467
Q

secularism

A

the view that the present well-being of mankind should predominate over religious considerations in civil or public affairs

468
Q

Socrates

A

philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason; later became Socratic method

469
Q

stirrup

A

device for securing a horseman’s feet; enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E.

470
Q

Terra Cotta Army

A

army to protect Shi Huangdi in the afterlife; 700;000 clay soldiers

471
Q

tribunes

A

official who was elected by the Plebeians to protect their interests

472
Q

Triumvirate

A

in ancient Rome; a group of three leaders sharing control of the government.

473
Q

tyrants

A

in ancient Greece; rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people’s support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power

474
Q

Upishads

A

sacred Hindu texts dealing with metaphysics

475
Q

Virgil

A

greatest poet of the Golden Age; called the “Homer of Rome” because the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models for his epic; the Aeneid; focus on Patriotism; it took 10 years to write

476
Q

Warring States Period

A

time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.

477
Q

Xerxes

A

son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180;000 troops in 480 B.C.

478
Q

Abraham

A

the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac

479
Q

Bhagavad-Gita

A

(Hinduism) the sacred ‘song of God’ composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic)

480
Q

boddhisatva

A

Buddhist worthy of nirvana who postpones it to help others

481
Q

dharma

A

in Hinduism; the duties and obligations of each caste

482
Q

diaspora

A

the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture)

483
Q

ethnic religions

A

focus on one ethnic group and generally have not spread into other cultures

484
Q

Hebrew Bible

A

the name used by Jews for their scripture that is basically the same as Christians’ Old Testament.

485
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A

a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity

486
Q

Judaism

A

the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud

487
Q

karma

A

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person’s actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

488
Q

Mahabhrata

A

one of two Indian epics; also a religious text; provides information about the period of intermingling of cultures. The other epic is Ramayana.

489
Q

moksha

A

the Hindu concept of the spirit’s ‘liberation’ from the endless cycle of rebirths.

490
Q

mudras

A

choreographed hand movements used in the rituals of vajrayana buddhism

491
Q

nirvana

A

the lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires

492
Q

Paul

A

(New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles

493
Q

Ramayana

A

one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama’s restoration to the throne

494
Q

reciprocity

A

the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us

495
Q

Rig Veda

A

a collection of 1;017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism’s oldest sacred text.

496
Q

Shiva

A

an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer

497
Q

universalizing religions

A

a religion that attempts to appeal to all people; not just those living in a particular location.

498
Q

Vishnu

A

a Hindu god considered the preserver of the world

499
Q

xiao

A

filial piety; the virtue of reverence and respect for family (CONFUCIANISM)

500
Q

ren

A

an attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.

History, Geo, etc. (5 decks)

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