AP World History 1 Flashcards
abdicate
give up; such as power; as of monarchs and emperors; or duties and obligations
allies
one side in World War I: Great Britain; France; and Russia; later joined by the U.S.
armaments
military weapons and equipment
armistice
a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
atomic energy
the energy released by a nuclear reaction
Cold War
a conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
collectivization
system in which private farms were eliminated; instead; the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.
containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
decolonization
the collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962; practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
deposed
removed from office or power
democratization
the process of creating a government elected by the people
ethnic cleansing
the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area
exodus
a large-scale departure or flight
fascism
a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
First World
the largely democratic and free-market states of the United States and Western Europe (Cold War to today)
front line
the line along which opposing armies face each other
globalization
the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade
global warming
an increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
guerilla
a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his/her country
legislature
a group of people who have the power to make laws
militarism
policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war
nationalize
put under state control or ownership
national socialist party
(Nazi Party) was a far-right; racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945.
nuclear
(weapons) deriving destructive energy from the release of atomic energy
recession
an economic setback
reparations
payment for damages after a war
sectarian
limited to the beliefs of a small group; such as a religious sect; narrow in scope
terrorism
the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal
third world
term applied to a group of “developing” or “underdeveloped” countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
totalitarian
characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control
Westernization
adoption of western ideas; technology; and culture
apartheid
laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Asian Tigers
the highly developed economies of Hong Kong; Singapore; South Korea; and Taiwan.
Aswan Dam
dam across the Nile River in Egypt. Created Lake Nassar and helps to create more farmland. Built between 1960 and 1970.
Mustafa Kemel
commander of turkish nationalists against Greeks and their British; made President of Modern Turkey in 1923; given title of “Ataturk;” meaning “Father of Turks.”
Ayatollah Khomeini
Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic.
Balfour Declaration
British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI
Berlin Airlift
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Berlin Wall
a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
Chiang Kai Shek
general and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang; he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
Cuban Missile Crisis
Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
Cultural Revolution
a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard
Deng Xiapong
Communist party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after Mao Zedong’s death.
Eastern Bloc
Soviet allies in eastern Europe; including Bulgaria; Poland; East Germany; Czechoslovakia; Romania; and Hungary.
European Economic Community
an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
European Union
an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.
Fourteen Points
a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.``
Mahatmas Gandhi
born in 1896; set up movement based on nonviolent resistance; led to Indian independence
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.
Great Leap Forward
economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China’s vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.
Adolf Hitler
German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)
Holocaust
the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
Saddam Hussein
Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran
International Atomic Energy Agency
the United Nations agency concerned with atomic energy
International Monetary Fund
a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies
Intifada
an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000
Iran-Iraq War
the war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq’s long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran’s Islamic revolution.
iron curtain
an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy
Israel
Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean
Korean War
the conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Mao Zedong
this man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
Marshall Plan
a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
North American Free Trade Agreement
created a free-trade area among the United States; Canada; and Mexico
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
an international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil
Shah Reza Pahlavi
became leader of Iran and he helped the country get rich. Many Iranians opposed; protests eventually caused him to flee the country in 1979.
Palestine
region in southwestern Asia that became the ancient home of the Jews; the ancient Roman name for Judea;
Rape of Nanjing
Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressors slaughtered 100;000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.
Six Days War
1967 clash between Israel and the Arab world; Israel was victorious
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
Third Reich
the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945)
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
trench warfare
war from inside trenches enemies would try killing each other with machine guns and tanks; and poison gas
Leon Trotsky
Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army
Truman Doctrine
President Truman’s policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic
lead by stalin; communist in nature; union of “soviets” or states
Vietnam War
a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
War on Terror
initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11; 2001; the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.
Warsaw Pact
treaty signed in 1955 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR; Albania; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; East Germany; Hungary; Poland; and Romania
Woodrow Wilson
after World War I; this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.
World Trade Organization
an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade
World War I
also known as the Great War; conflict; chiefly in Europe; among most of the great Western powers. It was the largest war the world had yet seen.
World War II
(1939 - 1945) A war fought in Europe; Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain; France; the Soviet Union; and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany; Italy; and Japan.
appeasement policy
allowed Germany to keep Sudetenland in return for Hitler’s promise to cease aggressions
Battle of Britain
the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it
Battle of the Bulge
World War II battle in December 1944 between Germany and Allied troops that was the last German offensive in the West.
Battle of Midway
U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942; in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.
Brest-Litovsk Treaty
a treaty between Russia and Germany stating Russia’s withdrawal from the war and letting German gain Poland; Ukraine and other territories to the Germans
Central Powers
in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies
collective security
agreement by a group of nations to defend the other in case of an attack on any member
conscription
compulsory military service
D-Day
Allied forces land in Normandy; France to begin massive offensive against Germans in occupied territories of Europe (June 6; 1944)
Eastern Front
In WWI; the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans; Austrians; and Turks.
Five Year Plans
plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union’s economy
genocide
systematic killing of a racial or cultural group
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
Great War
name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).
Guamindang
nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen
home front
the civilian population (and their activities) of a country at war
island-hopping
stragety of Allies in World War 2 of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others
Alexander Kerensky
an agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.
John Maynard Keynes
English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)
mandate system
a half-way system between outright imperial domination and independence; it was used to split Germany’s empire after WW I.
margin
buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest
Mein Kampf
Book written by Hitler while he was exiled; My Struggle.
Munich Conference
1938; Chamberlain; France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany.
Benito Mussolini
Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)
New Deal
the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt
New Economic Policy
Lenin’s economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry`
Pan-Slavism
a movement to create a nation state of Slavic people
Pearl Harbor
United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan; bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7; 1941.
primary producing economies
economies that mainly export raw materials
protectionism
the policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home industries from overseas competition
Rome-Berlin Axis
the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)
self-determination
the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will
socialism in one country
policy adopted by Stalin in the autumn of 1924; in which the notion of a worldwide socialist revolution was abandoned in favor of making the Soviet Union a successful socialist state.
soviet
council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917
total war
the channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort
Tripartite Pact
1940 alliance between Japan; Germany; and Italy.
Triple Entente
an alliance between Great Britain; France and Russia in the years before WWI.
Weimar Republic
German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy.
Western Front
in WWI; the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.
African National Congress
an organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for the black inhabitants of South Africa.
All-African People’s Conference
meetings of Africans from across the continent
Salvador Allende
Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.
Fulgencio Batista
pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba; who was now friendly to the Soviets.
Lazaro Cardenas
President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants; bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics; and nationalizing the oil industry
civil disobedience
a group’s refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)
corporatism
an arrangement in which government officials interact with people and groups outside the government before they set policy.
Charles De Gaulle
French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)
Blaise Diagne
Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly.
W.E.B DuBois
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard; encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination; helped create NAACP in 1910
General Assembly
the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations
Che Guevara
(1928-1967) Argentinean revolutionary leader; he was an aide to Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution.
Samuel Huntington
argued that our most important and dangerous future conflicts will be based on clashes of civilizations; not on socio-economic or even ideological differences
import substitution industrialization
an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country’s industrial power by restricting foreign imports.
Iranian Cultural Revolution
(Iran) revolution after 1979 aimed at purifying the country from secular values and behaviors
Islamic fundamentalism
believers within Islam who offer a critique of secular states and seek to change states and individual behaviors to conform to a strict reading of Islamic texts
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)
Jomo Kenyatta
a nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya
Ruhollah Khomeini
Iranian religious leader who denounced the government
League of Arab States
regional organization designed to strengthen and unite countries with Arab majorities
limited war
a small scale war without nuclear weapons that involves just one area of the world
Nelson Mandela
South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation’s first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)
Gamel Abdel Nasser
president of Egypt when Israel teamed up with Britain and France to invade the Sinai peninsula; looked good to the Arabs because he stood up to the imperialists
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first prime minister (1947-1964).
Kwame Nkrumah
founder of Ghana’s independence movement and Ghana’s first priesident
Pahlavi dynasty
family that took over Iran’s gov’t in 1925; was an authoritarian regime; people didn’t like them and it paved the way for the 1979 Revolution
Palestinian Liberation Organization
political party and organization that fought for Palestinian rights
Party of the Institutionalized Revolution
PRI; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor; peasant; military; and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico
Juan Peron
dominant authoritarian and populist leader in Argentina from the mid-1940s; driven into exile in 1955; returned and elected president in 1973; died in 1974.
Eva Peron
the second wife of President Juan Perón (1895-1974) and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952
Potsdam Conference
July 26; 1945 - Allied leaders Truman; Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once; they would face total destruction.
Augusto Pinochet
Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist; elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses
Franklin Roosevelt
President of the US during Great Depression and World War II
Security Council
main organ within the UN responsible for maintaining peace and security; composed of 5 permanent and 10 rotating members with two year terms elected by the General Assembly
space race
a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union
Sputnik
the world’s first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
Tehran Conference
Meeting among leaders of the United States; Britain; and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France
three waves of democratization
HUNTINGTON: First Wave 1828-1926; Reverse Wave 1922-1942; Second Wave 1943-1962; Reverse Wave 1958-1975; Third Wave 1974-1990; Reverse Wave Late 1990s-2011
Two Chinas
Mainland and Taiwan: both claim to represent China
United Fruit Company
U.S. corporation that controlled the banana trade in much of Latin America
United Nations Charter
1945; The Allied Powers create an international agency to resolve conflicts among members and discourage aggressor nations with Military force
Getulio Vargas
became president of Brazil following a contested election of 1929; led an authoritarian state until deposed in 1945; became president again in 1950.
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR; British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill; and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Zionist Movement
a nationalist movement among the Jews to establish a home land in Palestine
Al-Qaeda
Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.
command economy
a system in which the central government makes all economic decisions
compressed modernity
rapid economic and political change that transforms a country into a stable nation
dependency theory
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
fragmentation
divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity
glasnost
a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems
global elite culture
attitudes and outlook of well educated; prosperous; Western oriented people around the world.
global pop culture
popular cultural practices and institutions that have been adopted internationally; such as music; the Internet; television; food; and fashion
Green Revolution
the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity
cultural globalization
worldwide spread of similar norms; values; and practices
household responsibility system
the system put into practice in China beginning in the early 1980s in which major decisions about agricultural production are made by individual farm families based on profit motive rather than by a people’s commune or the government.
human rights movement
changing the way society views the rights of all of its members including minorities; clients with terminal illness (euthanasia); pregnant women; and older adults
integration
the act of uniting or bringing together; especially people of different races
Nikita Khrushchev
ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation
less developed countries
a developing country with a low level of industrializationa very high fertility rate; very high infant mortality rate and a very low per capital income
more developed countries
countries with greater overall wealth. These countries tend to be more industrialized; bringing in money from manufacturing more goods
market economy
an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices
marketization
recreation of market forces of supply and demand
megacities
cities with more than 10 million people
mixed economy
an economic system that combines private and state enterprises
modernism
a cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality; industry; and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
modernization model
model of economic development maintains that all countries go through five stages of development
non-governmental organizations
international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social economic and environmental issues
perestroika
a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
politicization of religion
the use of religious principles to promote political ends and vise versa
post-modernism
genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism
Vladimir Putin
elected president of Russia in 2000; launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.
socialist market economy
market economy that combines substantial state ownership of large industries with private enterprise; where both forms of ownership operate in a free-pricing market environment
special economic zones
specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
stateless nations
people groups without established sovereign borders; such as Kurds or Palestinians
supranational organizations
cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.
Tiananmen crisis
demonstration by students intellectuals criticizing corruption and demanding democratic reforms; government responded by sending army in to cease protests who killed hundreds of citizens
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
nuclear; chemical; and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once
World Bank
a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments
Boris Yeltsin
president of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.
abolish
do away with formally
assembly line
production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.
cartel
a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production
communism
a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
constitution
law determining the fundamental political principles of a government
corporation
a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state
doctrine
a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school
domestic
produced in a particular country
emancipation
the act of setting free
enclosure
process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers
Estates-General
assembly of the estates of all France
factory
places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods
free market
economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell
free trade
the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely between countries
immigration
movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population
imperialism
a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries
indemnity
legal exemption from liability for damages
Industrial Revolution
change in technology; brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power
Laissez-Faire
idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
labor union
an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions; wages; and benefits for its members
Marxism
the theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.
natural resources
materials found in nature that are used by living things
rural
living in or characteristic of farming or country life
social class
a group of people with similar backgrounds; incomes; and ways of living
social Darwinism
the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
socialism
a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
suffrage
the right to vote
trade union
organization of workers with the same trade or skill
universal suffrage
the right of all adults to vote for their representatives.
wage labor
the arrangement by which workers get a regular paycheck in exchange for performing a specific task
American Revolution
the war between Great Britain and its American colonies; 1775-83; by which the colonies won their independence.
Berlin Conference
a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
Bloody Sunday
1905; peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace; led by Father Gapon; fired on by palace guards; 100s died
Boer Wars
a conflict; lasting from 1899 to 1902; in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa.
Boxer Rebellion
a 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
British East India Company
joint stock company that obtained monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.
Capitulations
agreements with European powers that gave European bankers and merchants unfair advantages in the Ottoan Empire
Charles Dawin
In 1859; he published his book on the origin of species by means of natural selection.
Communist Manifesto
a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views
Congress of Vienna
restored a balance of power to Europe after Napoleon’s reign
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Declaration of the Rights of Man
statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
The Diet of Japan
Japan’s legislature made up of two houses
emancipation of serfs
Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.
Empress Cixi
the dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the Boxer rebellion
Friederich Engels
German; self-educated in philosophy; financially supports Marx
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on ruling France; which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions
Indian National Congress
group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800’s to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule
intolerable acts
series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party
The Jewel in the Crown
India=Britains prized possesion
Mahmut II
Ottoman sultan; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.
Karl Marx
founder of modern communism
Maxim guns
first automatic machine gun that gave Europeans a huge advantage in fighting African armies
Meiji Restoration
the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800’s
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
Muhammad Ali
controlled Egypt by 1811; began a modernization process based on Western models but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.
Muslim League
an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India’s Muslims; which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations
Napoleon Bonaparte
general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d’état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe
Open Door Policy
American approach to China around 1900; favoring open trade relations between China and other nations
Panama Canal
connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean; built from 1904 - 1914.
Opium Wars
conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the Opium trade
The Raj
the British rule of India
Reign of Terror
the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
Cecil Rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa
Rudyard Kipling
British writer who wrote of “the white man’s burden” and justified imperialism
Russification
the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
Russo-Japanese War
a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.
Scramble for Africa
the European’s flurry of colonializations in Africa.
Sepoy Mutiny
an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India
Seven Years War
worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land
Sino-Japanese War
a war between China and Japan for influence; power; and territory
Spanish American War
in 1898; a conflict between the United States and Spain; in which the U.S. supported the Cubans’ fight for independence
Spheres of Influence
areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly
Suez Canal
a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
The State Duma of Russia
first introduced in 1906 and was Russia’s first elected parliament.
steam engine
external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder
Taiping Rebellion
the most destructive civil war before the twentieth century; a Christian rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.
unequal treaties
trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits
Otto von Bismarck
German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)
Wealth of Nations
British philosopher and writer Adam Smith’s 1776 book that described his theory on free trade; otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.
White Man’s Burden
idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized
Witte Industrialization Program
1892 - Russian attempt to modernize and industrialize Russia to make the country more competitive with other nations.
Young Turks Party
a Turkish nationalist reform party in the early twentieth century; favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire
abolitionists
people who believed that slavery should be against the law
balance of power
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830; Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.
bourgeoisie
the middle class; including merchants; industrialists; and professional people
Count Camillo di Cavour
named prime minister in 1852 by King Victor Emmanuel; he led the northern troops to victory and unification of Italy in 1861
conservatives
like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change
liberals
people who generally favor government action and view change as progress
radicals
those who favor extreme change
federalist system
powers shared by the government and its subunits
gens de couleur
free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.
Father Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla
priest who led the first major Mexican revolt against Spanish rule in 1810
Augustine Iterbide
changes sides after he defeats Jose Morelos. He fight for the power for the Creoles and in 1821 Mexico is free from Spain.
junta
a military group ruling a country after seizing power
Louis XVI
king of France-executed for treason by the National Convention-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.
Napoleonic Code
French civil code established in the early 1800s; basis of many civil codes today and still remains France’s civil code
National Assembly
a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17; 1789; to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
Jose de San Martin
South American general and statesman; born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina; Peru; and Chile; protector of Peru
Alexis de Tocqueville
French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)
Francois Dominque Toussaint L’Ouverture
leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.
George Washington
commander of the Continental Army
Battle of Waterloo
this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
break-of-bulk
a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.
cult of domesticity
idealized view of women & home; women; self-less caregiver for children; refuge for husbands
demographic transition
change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
electric telegraph
a device for rapid; long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire.
Samuel Gompers
led the AFL (American Federation of Labor); a skilled craft union; fought for wages and working conditions; they went on strike; boycotted and used collective bargaining
interchangeable parts
identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring
mass production
the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)
proletariat
a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages
utopian socialism
ideal society based on socialist ideals-Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)
Josiah Wedgewood
(1759) opened pottery business that mass-produced high quality porcelain at a low cost
Eli Whitney
United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
the Bully of the North
the US was called this by the Latin Americans
caudillos
military rulers who emerged in new republics across latin america
Porfirio Diaz
a dictator who dominated Mexico; permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants
Dominion of Canada
the loose confederation of Ontario(upper Canada); Quebec(lower Canada); Nove Scotia; and New Brunswich; created by teh british North America Act in 1867
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)
isolationism
a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations
isolationist policy
a policy of abstaining from an active role in international affairs or alliances; which characterized US foreign policy toward Europe during most of the 1800’s
Andrew Jackson
7th president of the US; successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815; expanded the power of the presidency
Benito Juarez
Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico; including separation of church and state; land distribution to the poor; and an educational system for all of Mexico
La Reforma
a liberal reform movement in 19th-century Mexico; led by Benito Juarez
Jose Antonio Paez
Venezulean soldier who led Simon Bolivar’s cavalry force.
presidential system
a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other
personalist rulers
rulers that became so due to their charismatic influence and personality
regionalism
a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas
romanticisim
reaction against the Enlightenment; nature; simplicity and the ideal
Juan Manuel de Rosas
strongman leader in buenos aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.
Washington’s Farewell Address
warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs; not to make permanent alliances; not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.
anarchists
people who oppose organized government
Bolsheviks
a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia’s government in November 1917
Boxer Revellion
revolt by China secret society to drive foreigners out
Canton System
restricted all foreign trade to the port of Canton (trading season)
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)
Crimean War
conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion; Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
cult of the emperor
a propaganda move that glorified the Emperor and he became a symbol of Japanese power; but he still didn’t have power
Decembrist Revolt
abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825
democratic centralism
a form of democracy in which the true interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party; and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests.
Holy Alliance
a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia; Austria; and Prussia after the congress of Vienna
Hong Xiuquan
was a village school teacher; proved both inspiration and leadership for the Taiping rebellion. Wanted destruction of the Qing dynasty.
intelligentsia
intellectuals; members of the educated elite (often used derogatorily)
V.I. Lenin
led the communist revolution; was the leader of the Bolsheviks; ruled Russia
marble boat
Empress Dowager Cixi spent millions of dollars to have parties on the boat. All the money was supposed to go to the Chinese Navy.
Leninism
revision of Marxism that held that Russia need not experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism
Mccartney mission
Lord McCartney went to China as head of British diplomatic mission to get China to trade with Britain; failed when misunderstandings led to problems
most favored-nation status
agreement to offer a trading partner the lowest tariff rate offered to other trading partners
Florence Nightingale
English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910)
Matthew Perry
commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa
black ships
Japanese name for the American steam ships. Called this because of the black smoke coming out of them
Revolution of 1911
the revolution that resulted in China being turned into a republic soon after the death of Ci Xi
Revolution of 1905
result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.
Russia’s “official nationality”
The motto; “orthodoxy; autocracy; and nationality” where it was the dominant ideological doctrine from emperor Nicholas I.
self-strengthening movement
late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders
Sun Yat-sen
this man was a radical Chinese reformer who sought to overthrow the government
Tanzimat
A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model
Trans-Siberian Railroad
constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.
Treaty of Nanking
a treaty with Britain and China that gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened 4 cities for trade
vanguard of the revolution
a group of revolutionary leaders who could provoke the revolution in non-capitalist Russia
What is to be Done?
Lenin’s pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.
the Young Turks
Nationalists who wanted Turkey to adopt western-style governments.
zemstvoes
local political councils created as part of Alexander II’s reforms; gave middle- class professionals experience in government but did not influence national policy.
Bessemer steel converter
an important innovation that allowed iron ore to be converted to steel efficiently
company men
British who lived in India for the EIC who were to protect factories and warehouses
Captain James Cook
English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)
The Origin of Species
1859: Charles Darwin’s book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb; acoustic recording on wax cylinders; and motion pictures.
colonial imperialism
actual occupation and rule of a territory or colony by a foreign nation
political imperialism
dominant country uses diplomacy or military forces to influence the internal affairs
economic imperialism
independent but less developed nation that is controlled by private business interests rather than by other govts.
social-cultural imperialism
imperialism that influences a local territory to adopt mother country values and customs
Indian Civil Service
bureaucrats in India; government jobs were usually staffed by British; Indians eventually gain some of these positions
David Livingstone
Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873)
nawabs
a Muslim prince allied to British India; technically; a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor.
Cecil Rhodes
born in 1853; played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier; statesman; and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.
Rammohun Roy
an Indian who pushed for reforms by combining Hinduism and western thought; promoted Indian nationalism
scientific racism
the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also; to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races
sepoys
Indian troops who served in the British army
settlement colonies
colonies that many people migrated to from the mother country
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)
Shaka
a Zulu chief in 1816 who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state.
Henry Stanley
the man that found David Livingstone after he had been presumably lost in Africa and later took up his work
tropical dependencies
Western European possessions in Africa; Asia; and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations
absolute monarch
ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.
atheist
one who does not believe in God
capitalism
an economic system based on private property and free enterprise
cash crop
farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family
circumnavigate
to sail completely around the world
colonization
system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land
commerce
the buying and selling of goods
commercial
related to business
commonwealth
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
continuity
the property of a continuous and connected period of time
convent
a religious residence especially for nuns
currency
the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used
deists
believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin; Jefferson; Paine
demography
the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations
divine right
belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.
dominant
exercising influence or control
divine
being or having the nature of a god
hedonism
an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good
hinder
to slow or impede the progress of
humanism
the doctrine emphasizing a person’s capacity for self-realization through reason
institution
an organization founded and united for a specific purpose
jurisdiction
an area of authority or control; the right to administer justice
left-wing
the liberal; socialist; or radical section of a political party or system
mercantilism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
monastic
related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns
monk
someone who withdraws from ordinary life; and lives alone or in a community; in order to devote oneself to prayer and work in total dedication to God
monopoly
(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller
morality
motivation based on ideas of right and wrong
nun
a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church
papacy
the government of the Roman Catholic Church
papal
having to do with the pope
parliament
a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g.; Great Britain)
pope
the head of the Roman Catholic Church
revolution
the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
right-wing
those who support political or social or economic conservatism
salvation
the state of being saved or preserved from harm
sanctioned
conforming to orthodox or recognized rules
satire
a type of writing that ridicules the shortcomings of people or institutions in an attempt to bring about a change
utopia
ideally perfect state
venerate
regard with feelings of respect and reverence
Age of Reason
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Akbar the Great
known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government
Batavia; Indonesia
fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta
John Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
Colombian Exchange
the transfer of plants; animals; and diseases between the Americas and Europe; Asia; and Africa
Catholic Reformation
a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
Dutch East India Company
government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Edict of Nantes
document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots
Edict of Fountainbleu
revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled
Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise
encomienda system
system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.
English Bill of Rights
document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament
English Commonwealth
period in English history where the nation had no monarch; began w/ execution of Charles I and ended w/ restoration of Charles II; led by Oliver Cromwell
European exploration
voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century;
Floating Empires
Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea; controlled many major shipping routes
Goa; India
island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
this invention helped to promote the Reformation and increased European literacy
Hacienda system
similar to the feudal system; Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners
Hapsburg Spain
Charles V was the king here and this is where counter reformation was strongest.
Henry Tudor
also known as Henry VII; victor of the War of the Roses; Lancasterian
heliocentric theory
planets revolve around the sun
huguenots
French Protestants
Indulgences
remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments
Jannissary Corps
Christian boys who were taken by the Muslim Ottomans to train and serve in the military. They often converted to Islam as they lost all Christian influence.
Jesuit Order
a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen
Law of Heavenly Bodies
Copernicus believed that heavenly bodies were in constant rotation
Martin Luther
German theologian who led the Reformation
Louis XIV
king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)
Qing Dynasty
the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu
Peter the Great
ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725; wanted closer ties to western europe; modernize and strengthen Russia
Philip II of Spain
this was the king who started the success of Spain’s foreign colonies
Potosi Silver Mine
silver mine in the interior of South America; great silver mountain that would bring Spanish wealth
Protestant Reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Roman Catholic Church
the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy
Scientific Methods
a series of steps followed to solve problems; including collecting data; formulating a hypothesis; testing the hypothesis; and stating conclusions
Scientific Revolution
an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method
Silver (Single) Whip System
1581; imposed by Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng ordered that all land taxes in China must be paid in silver; this reform monetized the Chinese tax system
Straits of Malacca
well-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire; ‘The Lawgiver.’ he expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
Thirty Years War
this was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe
Tokugawa Shogunate
Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences
Treaty of Westphalia
1648; ended the 30 Year War and created the state system.
The Vatican
the palace in Rome in which the Pope lives; the control center of the Roman Catholic Church
Zheng He
Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty; he led great voyages that spread China’s fame throughout Asia
95 Theses
written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.
absolutism
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Anglican Church
church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases
Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601) established himself as Europe’s foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for ‘Don Quixote’ which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form
Nicholas Copernicus
He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles
early modern period
the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)
empirical evidence
scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation
English Civil War
conflict from 1640-1660; religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues (the powers of the monarch); ended w/ restoration of the monarch following execution of previous king
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Galileo
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
Gunpowder Empires
Muslim empires of the Ottomans; Safavids; and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.
Johann Gutenberg
German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
joint-stock companies
businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
land-based powers
governments controlled lands by building armies; bureaucracies; and roads; etc. that unified regions
sea-based powers
nations who built larger empires by controlling sea routes and colonies
Leonardo da Vinci
A well known Italian Renaissance artist; architect; musician; mathematician; engineer; and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.
constitutional monarchy
a system of governing in which the ruler’s power is limited by law
John Locke
English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)
Niccolo Machiavelli
a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)
