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History, Geo, etc. > AP World History 1 > Flashcards

AP World History 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

abdicate

A

give up; such as power; as of monarchs and emperors; or duties and obligations

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2
Q

allies

A

one side in World War I: Great Britain; France; and Russia; later joined by the U.S.

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3
Q

armaments

A

military weapons and equipment

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4
Q

armistice

A

a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms

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5
Q

atomic energy

A

the energy released by a nuclear reaction

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6
Q

Cold War

A

a conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

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7
Q

collectivization

A

system in which private farms were eliminated; instead; the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.

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8
Q

containment

A

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

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9
Q

decolonization

A

the collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962; practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

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10
Q

deposed

A

removed from office or power

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11
Q

democratization

A

the process of creating a government elected by the people

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12
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

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13
Q

exodus

A

a large-scale departure or flight

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14
Q

fascism

A

a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

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15
Q

First World

A

the largely democratic and free-market states of the United States and Western Europe (Cold War to today)

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16
Q

front line

A

the line along which opposing armies face each other

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17
Q

globalization

A

the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade

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18
Q

global warming

A

an increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

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19
Q

guerilla

A

a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his/her country

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20
Q

legislature

A

a group of people who have the power to make laws

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21
Q

militarism

A

policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war

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22
Q

nationalize

A

put under state control or ownership

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23
Q

national socialist party

A

(Nazi Party) was a far-right; racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945.

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24
Q

nuclear

A

(weapons) deriving destructive energy from the release of atomic energy

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25
Q

recession

A

an economic setback

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26
Q

reparations

A

payment for damages after a war

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27
Q

sectarian

A

limited to the beliefs of a small group; such as a religious sect; narrow in scope

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28
Q

terrorism

A

the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal

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29
Q

third world

A

term applied to a group of “developing” or “underdeveloped” countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

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30
Q

totalitarian

A

characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control

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31
Q

Westernization

A

adoption of western ideas; technology; and culture

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32
Q

apartheid

A

laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

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33
Q

Asian Tigers

A

the highly developed economies of Hong Kong; Singapore; South Korea; and Taiwan.

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34
Q

Aswan Dam

A

dam across the Nile River in Egypt. Created Lake Nassar and helps to create more farmland. Built between 1960 and 1970.

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35
Q

Mustafa Kemel

A

commander of turkish nationalists against Greeks and their British; made President of Modern Turkey in 1923; given title of “Ataturk;” meaning “Father of Turks.”

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36
Q

Ayatollah Khomeini

A

Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic.

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37
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

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38
Q

Berlin Airlift

A

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

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39
Q

Berlin Wall

A

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

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40
Q

Fidel Castro

A

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

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41
Q

Chiang Kai Shek

A

general and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang; he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

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42
Q

Winston Churchill

A

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

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43
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

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44
Q

Cultural Revolution

A

a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard

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45
Q

Deng Xiapong

A

Communist party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after Mao Zedong’s death.

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46
Q

Eastern Bloc

A

Soviet allies in eastern Europe; including Bulgaria; Poland; East Germany; Czechoslovakia; Romania; and Hungary.

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47
Q

European Economic Community

A

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

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48
Q

European Union

A

an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.

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49
Q

Fourteen Points

A

a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.``

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50
Q

Mahatmas Gandhi

A

born in 1896; set up movement based on nonviolent resistance; led to Indian independence

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51
Q

Marcus Garvey

A

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.

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52
Q

Great Leap Forward

A

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China’s vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.

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53
Q

Adolf Hitler

A

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

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54
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

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55
Q

Holocaust

A

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

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56
Q

Saddam Hussein

A

Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran

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57
Q

International Atomic Energy Agency

A

the United Nations agency concerned with atomic energy

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58
Q

International Monetary Fund

A

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

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59
Q

Intifada

A

an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000

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60
Q

Iran-Iraq War

A

the war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq’s long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran’s Islamic revolution.

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61
Q

iron curtain

A

an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy

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62
Q

Israel

A

Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean

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63
Q

Korean War

A

the conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

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64
Q

League of Nations

A

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

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65
Q

Mao Zedong

A

this man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

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66
Q

Marshall Plan

A

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

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67
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement

A

created a free-trade area among the United States; Canada; and Mexico

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68
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

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69
Q

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

A

an international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil

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70
Q

Shah Reza Pahlavi

A

became leader of Iran and he helped the country get rich. Many Iranians opposed; protests eventually caused him to flee the country in 1979.

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71
Q

Palestine

A

region in southwestern Asia that became the ancient home of the Jews; the ancient Roman name for Judea;

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72
Q

Rape of Nanjing

A

Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressors slaughtered 100;000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.

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73
Q

Six Days War

A

1967 clash between Israel and the Arab world; Israel was victorious

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74
Q

Joseph Stalin

A

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

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75
Q

Third Reich

A

the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945)

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76
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

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77
Q

trench warfare

A

war from inside trenches enemies would try killing each other with machine guns and tanks; and poison gas

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78
Q

Leon Trotsky

A

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

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79
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

President Truman’s policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

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80
Q

Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic

A

lead by stalin; communist in nature; union of “soviets” or states

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81
Q

Vietnam War

A

a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

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82
Q

War on Terror

A

initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11; 2001; the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

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83
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

treaty signed in 1955 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR; Albania; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; East Germany; Hungary; Poland; and Romania

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84
Q

Woodrow Wilson

A

after World War I; this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.

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85
Q

World Trade Organization

A

an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade

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86
Q

World War I

A

also known as the Great War; conflict; chiefly in Europe; among most of the great Western powers. It was the largest war the world had yet seen.

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87
Q

World War II

A

(1939 - 1945) A war fought in Europe; Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain; France; the Soviet Union; and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany; Italy; and Japan.

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88
Q

appeasement policy

A

allowed Germany to keep Sudetenland in return for Hitler’s promise to cease aggressions

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89
Q

Battle of Britain

A

the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it

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90
Q

Battle of the Bulge

A

World War II battle in December 1944 between Germany and Allied troops that was the last German offensive in the West.

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91
Q

Battle of Midway

A

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942; in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

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92
Q

Brest-Litovsk Treaty

A

a treaty between Russia and Germany stating Russia’s withdrawal from the war and letting German gain Poland; Ukraine and other territories to the Germans

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93
Q

Central Powers

A

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

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94
Q

collective security

A

agreement by a group of nations to defend the other in case of an attack on any member

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95
Q

conscription

A

compulsory military service

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96
Q

D-Day

A

Allied forces land in Normandy; France to begin massive offensive against Germans in occupied territories of Europe (June 6; 1944)

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97
Q

Eastern Front

A

In WWI; the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans; Austrians; and Turks.

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98
Q

Five Year Plans

A

plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union’s economy

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99
Q

genocide

A

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

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100
Q

Great Depression

A

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

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101
Q

Great War

A

name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).

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102
Q

Guamindang

A

nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen

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103
Q

home front

A

the civilian population (and their activities) of a country at war

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104
Q

island-hopping

A

stragety of Allies in World War 2 of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others

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105
Q

Alexander Kerensky

A

an agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.

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106
Q

John Maynard Keynes

A

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

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107
Q

mandate system

A

a half-way system between outright imperial domination and independence; it was used to split Germany’s empire after WW I.

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108
Q

margin

A

buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest

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109
Q

Mein Kampf

A

Book written by Hitler while he was exiled; My Struggle.

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110
Q

Munich Conference

A

1938; Chamberlain; France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany.

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111
Q

Benito Mussolini

A

Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)

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112
Q

New Deal

A

the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt

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113
Q

New Economic Policy

A

Lenin’s economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry`

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114
Q

Pan-Slavism

A

a movement to create a nation state of Slavic people

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115
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan; bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7; 1941.

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116
Q

primary producing economies

A

economies that mainly export raw materials

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117
Q

protectionism

A

the policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home industries from overseas competition

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118
Q

Rome-Berlin Axis

A

the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

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119
Q

self-determination

A

the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

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120
Q

socialism in one country

A

policy adopted by Stalin in the autumn of 1924; in which the notion of a worldwide socialist revolution was abandoned in favor of making the Soviet Union a successful socialist state.

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121
Q

soviet

A

council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917

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122
Q

total war

A

the channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort

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123
Q

Tripartite Pact

A

1940 alliance between Japan; Germany; and Italy.

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124
Q

Triple Entente

A

an alliance between Great Britain; France and Russia in the years before WWI.

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125
Q

Weimar Republic

A

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy.

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126
Q

Western Front

A

in WWI; the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.

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127
Q

African National Congress

A

an organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for the black inhabitants of South Africa.

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128
Q

All-African People’s Conference

A

meetings of Africans from across the continent

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129
Q

Salvador Allende

A

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.

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130
Q

Fulgencio Batista

A

pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba; who was now friendly to the Soviets.

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131
Q

Lazaro Cardenas

A

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants; bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics; and nationalizing the oil industry

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132
Q

civil disobedience

A

a group’s refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)

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133
Q

corporatism

A

an arrangement in which government officials interact with people and groups outside the government before they set policy.

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134
Q

Charles De Gaulle

A

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

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135
Q

Blaise Diagne

A

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly.

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136
Q

W.E.B DuBois

A

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard; encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination; helped create NAACP in 1910

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137
Q

General Assembly

A

the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations

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138
Q

Che Guevara

A

(1928-1967) Argentinean revolutionary leader; he was an aide to Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution.

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139
Q

Samuel Huntington

A

argued that our most important and dangerous future conflicts will be based on clashes of civilizations; not on socio-economic or even ideological differences

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140
Q

import substitution industrialization

A

an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country’s industrial power by restricting foreign imports.

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141
Q

Iranian Cultural Revolution

A

(Iran) revolution after 1979 aimed at purifying the country from secular values and behaviors

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142
Q

Islamic fundamentalism

A

believers within Islam who offer a critique of secular states and seek to change states and individual behaviors to conform to a strict reading of Islamic texts

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143
Q

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

A

Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)

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144
Q

Jomo Kenyatta

A

a nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

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145
Q

Ruhollah Khomeini

A

Iranian religious leader who denounced the government

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146
Q

League of Arab States

A

regional organization designed to strengthen and unite countries with Arab majorities

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147
Q

limited war

A

a small scale war without nuclear weapons that involves just one area of the world

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148
Q

Nelson Mandela

A

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation’s first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

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149
Q

Gamel Abdel Nasser

A

president of Egypt when Israel teamed up with Britain and France to invade the Sinai peninsula; looked good to the Arabs because he stood up to the imperialists

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150
Q

Jawaharlal Nehru

A

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first prime minister (1947-1964).

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151
Q

Kwame Nkrumah

A

founder of Ghana’s independence movement and Ghana’s first priesident

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152
Q

Pahlavi dynasty

A

family that took over Iran’s gov’t in 1925; was an authoritarian regime; people didn’t like them and it paved the way for the 1979 Revolution

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153
Q

Palestinian Liberation Organization

A

political party and organization that fought for Palestinian rights

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154
Q

Party of the Institutionalized Revolution

A

PRI; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor; peasant; military; and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico

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155
Q

Juan Peron

A

dominant authoritarian and populist leader in Argentina from the mid-1940s; driven into exile in 1955; returned and elected president in 1973; died in 1974.

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156
Q

Eva Peron

A

the second wife of President Juan Perón (1895-1974) and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952

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157
Q

Potsdam Conference

A

July 26; 1945 - Allied leaders Truman; Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once; they would face total destruction.

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158
Q

Augusto Pinochet

A

Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist; elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses

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159
Q

Franklin Roosevelt

A

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

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160
Q

Security Council

A

main organ within the UN responsible for maintaining peace and security; composed of 5 permanent and 10 rotating members with two year terms elected by the General Assembly

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161
Q

space race

A

a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union

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162
Q

Sputnik

A

the world’s first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

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163
Q

Tehran Conference

A

Meeting among leaders of the United States; Britain; and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France

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164
Q

three waves of democratization

A

HUNTINGTON: First Wave 1828-1926; Reverse Wave 1922-1942; Second Wave 1943-1962; Reverse Wave 1958-1975; Third Wave 1974-1990; Reverse Wave Late 1990s-2011

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165
Q

Two Chinas

A

Mainland and Taiwan: both claim to represent China

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166
Q

United Fruit Company

A

U.S. corporation that controlled the banana trade in much of Latin America

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167
Q

United Nations Charter

A

1945; The Allied Powers create an international agency to resolve conflicts among members and discourage aggressor nations with Military force

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168
Q

Getulio Vargas

A

became president of Brazil following a contested election of 1929; led an authoritarian state until deposed in 1945; became president again in 1950.

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169
Q

Yalta Conference

A

1945 Meeting with US president FDR; British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill; and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

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170
Q

Zionist Movement

A

a nationalist movement among the Jews to establish a home land in Palestine

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171
Q

Al-Qaeda

A

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

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172
Q

command economy

A

a system in which the central government makes all economic decisions

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173
Q

compressed modernity

A

rapid economic and political change that transforms a country into a stable nation

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174
Q

dependency theory

A

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

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175
Q

fragmentation

A

divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity

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176
Q

glasnost

A

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

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177
Q

global elite culture

A

attitudes and outlook of well educated; prosperous; Western oriented people around the world.

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178
Q

global pop culture

A

popular cultural practices and institutions that have been adopted internationally; such as music; the Internet; television; food; and fashion

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179
Q

Green Revolution

A

the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity

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180
Q

cultural globalization

A

worldwide spread of similar norms; values; and practices

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181
Q

household responsibility system

A

the system put into practice in China beginning in the early 1980s in which major decisions about agricultural production are made by individual farm families based on profit motive rather than by a people’s commune or the government.

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182
Q

human rights movement

A

changing the way society views the rights of all of its members including minorities; clients with terminal illness (euthanasia); pregnant women; and older adults

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183
Q

integration

A

the act of uniting or bringing together; especially people of different races

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184
Q

Nikita Khrushchev

A

ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation

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185
Q

less developed countries

A

a developing country with a low level of industrializationa very high fertility rate; very high infant mortality rate and a very low per capital income

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186
Q

more developed countries

A

countries with greater overall wealth. These countries tend to be more industrialized; bringing in money from manufacturing more goods

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187
Q

market economy

A

an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

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188
Q

marketization

A

recreation of market forces of supply and demand

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189
Q

megacities

A

cities with more than 10 million people

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190
Q

mixed economy

A

an economic system that combines private and state enterprises

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191
Q

modernism

A

a cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality; industry; and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

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192
Q

modernization model

A

model of economic development maintains that all countries go through five stages of development

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193
Q

non-governmental organizations

A

international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social economic and environmental issues

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194
Q

perestroika

A

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

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195
Q

politicization of religion

A

the use of religious principles to promote political ends and vise versa

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196
Q

post-modernism

A

genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism

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197
Q

Vladimir Putin

A

elected president of Russia in 2000; launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

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198
Q

socialist market economy

A

market economy that combines substantial state ownership of large industries with private enterprise; where both forms of ownership operate in a free-pricing market environment

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199
Q

special economic zones

A

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

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200
Q

stateless nations

A

people groups without established sovereign borders; such as Kurds or Palestinians

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201
Q

supranational organizations

A

cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.

202
Q

Tiananmen crisis

A

demonstration by students intellectuals criticizing corruption and demanding democratic reforms; government responded by sending army in to cease protests who killed hundreds of citizens

203
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.

204
Q

Weapons of Mass Destruction

A

nuclear; chemical; and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once

205
Q

World Bank

A

a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments

206
Q

Boris Yeltsin

A

president of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

207
Q

abolish

A

do away with formally

208
Q

assembly line

A

production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.

209
Q

cartel

A

a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production

210
Q

communism

A

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

211
Q

constitution

A

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

212
Q

corporation

A

a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state

213
Q

doctrine

A

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

214
Q

domestic

A

produced in a particular country

215
Q

emancipation

A

the act of setting free

216
Q

enclosure

A

process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers

217
Q

Estates-General

A

assembly of the estates of all France

218
Q

factory

A

places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods

219
Q

free market

A

economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell

220
Q

free trade

A

the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely between countries

221
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population

222
Q

imperialism

A

a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries

223
Q

indemnity

A

legal exemption from liability for damages

224
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

change in technology; brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power

225
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

226
Q

labor union

A

an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions; wages; and benefits for its members

227
Q

Marxism

A

the theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.

228
Q

nationalism

A

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.

229
Q

natural resources

A

materials found in nature that are used by living things

230
Q

rural

A

living in or characteristic of farming or country life

231
Q

social class

A

a group of people with similar backgrounds; incomes; and ways of living

232
Q

social Darwinism

A

the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

233
Q

socialism

A

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

234
Q

suffrage

A

the right to vote

235
Q

trade union

A

organization of workers with the same trade or skill

236
Q

universal suffrage

A

the right of all adults to vote for their representatives.

237
Q

wage labor

A

the arrangement by which workers get a regular paycheck in exchange for performing a specific task

238
Q

American Revolution

A

the war between Great Britain and its American colonies; 1775-83; by which the colonies won their independence.

239
Q

Berlin Conference

A

a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

240
Q

Bloody Sunday

A

1905; peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace; led by Father Gapon; fired on by palace guards; 100s died

241
Q

Boer Wars

A

a conflict; lasting from 1899 to 1902; in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa.

242
Q

Boxer Rebellion

A

a 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

243
Q

British East India Company

A

joint stock company that obtained monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.

244
Q

Capitulations

A

agreements with European powers that gave European bankers and merchants unfair advantages in the Ottoan Empire

245
Q

Charles Dawin

A

In 1859; he published his book on the origin of species by means of natural selection.

246
Q

Communist Manifesto

A

a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views

247
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

restored a balance of power to Europe after Napoleon’s reign

248
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

249
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A

statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

250
Q

The Diet of Japan

A

Japan’s legislature made up of two houses

251
Q

emancipation of serfs

A

Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.

252
Q

Empress Cixi

A

the dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the Boxer rebellion

253
Q

Friederich Engels

A

German; self-educated in philosophy; financially supports Marx

254
Q

Execution of Louis XVI

A

Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on ruling France; which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with

255
Q

Miguel Hidalgo

A

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions

256
Q

Indian National Congress

A

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800’s to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule

257
Q

intolerable acts

A

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

258
Q

The Jewel in the Crown

A

India=Britains prized possesion

259
Q

Mahmut II

A

Ottoman sultan; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.

260
Q

Karl Marx

A

founder of modern communism

261
Q

Maxim guns

A

first automatic machine gun that gave Europeans a huge advantage in fighting African armies

262
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800’s

263
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

264
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

controlled Egypt by 1811; began a modernization process based on Western models but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.

265
Q

Muslim League

A

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India’s Muslims; which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

266
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d’état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe

267
Q

Open Door Policy

A

American approach to China around 1900; favoring open trade relations between China and other nations

268
Q

Panama Canal

A

connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean; built from 1904 - 1914.

269
Q

Opium Wars

A

conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the Opium trade

270
Q

The Raj

A

the British rule of India

271
Q

Reign of Terror

A

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

272
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa

273
Q

Rudyard Kipling

A

British writer who wrote of “the white man’s burden” and justified imperialism

274
Q

Russification

A

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire

275
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A

a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

276
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

the European’s flurry of colonializations in Africa.

277
Q

Sepoy Mutiny

A

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

278
Q

Seven Years War

A

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

279
Q

Sino-Japanese War

A

a war between China and Japan for influence; power; and territory

280
Q

Spanish American War

A

in 1898; a conflict between the United States and Spain; in which the U.S. supported the Cubans’ fight for independence

281
Q

Spheres of Influence

A

areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly

282
Q

Suez Canal

A

a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

283
Q

The State Duma of Russia

A

first introduced in 1906 and was Russia’s first elected parliament.

284
Q

steam engine

A

external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder

285
Q

Taiping Rebellion

A

the most destructive civil war before the twentieth century; a Christian rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

286
Q

unequal treaties

A

trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits

287
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

288
Q

Wealth of Nations

A

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith’s 1776 book that described his theory on free trade; otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

289
Q

White Man’s Burden

A

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

290
Q

Witte Industrialization Program

A

1892 - Russian attempt to modernize and industrialize Russia to make the country more competitive with other nations.

291
Q

Young Turks Party

A

a Turkish nationalist reform party in the early twentieth century; favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire

292
Q

abolitionists

A

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

293
Q

balance of power

A

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

294
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

1783-1830; Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

295
Q

bourgeoisie

A

the middle class; including merchants; industrialists; and professional people

296
Q

Count Camillo di Cavour

A

named prime minister in 1852 by King Victor Emmanuel; he led the northern troops to victory and unification of Italy in 1861

297
Q

conservatives

A

like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change

298
Q

liberals

A

people who generally favor government action and view change as progress

299
Q

radicals

A

those who favor extreme change

300
Q

federalist system

A

powers shared by the government and its subunits

301
Q

gens de couleur

A

free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.

302
Q

Father Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla

A

priest who led the first major Mexican revolt against Spanish rule in 1810

303
Q

Augustine Iterbide

A

changes sides after he defeats Jose Morelos. He fight for the power for the Creoles and in 1821 Mexico is free from Spain.

304
Q

junta

A

a military group ruling a country after seizing power

305
Q

Louis XVI

A

king of France-executed for treason by the National Convention-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.

306
Q

Napoleonic Code

A

French civil code established in the early 1800s; basis of many civil codes today and still remains France’s civil code

307
Q

National Assembly

A

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17; 1789; to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

308
Q

Jose de San Martin

A

South American general and statesman; born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina; Peru; and Chile; protector of Peru

309
Q

Alexis de Tocqueville

A

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)

310
Q

Francois Dominque Toussaint L’Ouverture

A

leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

311
Q

George Washington

A

commander of the Continental Army

312
Q

Battle of Waterloo

A

this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

313
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

314
Q

break-of-bulk

A

a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.

315
Q

cult of domesticity

A

idealized view of women & home; women; self-less caregiver for children; refuge for husbands

316
Q

demographic transition

A

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

317
Q

electric telegraph

A

a device for rapid; long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire.

318
Q

Samuel Gompers

A

led the AFL (American Federation of Labor); a skilled craft union; fought for wages and working conditions; they went on strike; boycotted and used collective bargaining

319
Q

interchangeable parts

A

identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring

320
Q

mass production

A

the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)

321
Q

proletariat

A

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

322
Q

utopian socialism

A

ideal society based on socialist ideals-Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier

323
Q

James Watt

A

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)

324
Q

Josiah Wedgewood

A

(1759) opened pottery business that mass-produced high quality porcelain at a low cost

325
Q

Eli Whitney

A

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

326
Q

the Bully of the North

A

the US was called this by the Latin Americans

327
Q

caudillos

A

military rulers who emerged in new republics across latin america

328
Q

Porfirio Diaz

A

a dictator who dominated Mexico; permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants

329
Q

Dominion of Canada

A

the loose confederation of Ontario(upper Canada); Quebec(lower Canada); Nove Scotia; and New Brunswich; created by teh british North America Act in 1867

330
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)

331
Q

isolationism

A

a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

332
Q

isolationist policy

A

a policy of abstaining from an active role in international affairs or alliances; which characterized US foreign policy toward Europe during most of the 1800’s

333
Q

Andrew Jackson

A

7th president of the US; successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815; expanded the power of the presidency

334
Q

Benito Juarez

A

Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico; including separation of church and state; land distribution to the poor; and an educational system for all of Mexico

335
Q

La Reforma

A

a liberal reform movement in 19th-century Mexico; led by Benito Juarez

336
Q

Jose Antonio Paez

A

Venezulean soldier who led Simon Bolivar’s cavalry force.

337
Q

presidential system

A

a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other

338
Q

personalist rulers

A

rulers that became so due to their charismatic influence and personality

339
Q

regionalism

A

a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas

340
Q

romanticisim

A

reaction against the Enlightenment; nature; simplicity and the ideal

341
Q

Juan Manuel de Rosas

A

strongman leader in buenos aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.

342
Q

Washington’s Farewell Address

A

warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs; not to make permanent alliances; not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

343
Q

anarchists

A

people who oppose organized government

344
Q

Bolsheviks

A

a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia’s government in November 1917

345
Q

Boxer Revellion

A

revolt by China secret society to drive foreigners out

346
Q

Canton System

A

restricted all foreign trade to the port of Canton (trading season)

347
Q

Catherine the Great

A

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

348
Q

Crimean War

A

conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion; Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

349
Q

cult of the emperor

A

a propaganda move that glorified the Emperor and he became a symbol of Japanese power; but he still didn’t have power

350
Q

Decembrist Revolt

A

abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

351
Q

democratic centralism

A

a form of democracy in which the true interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party; and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests.

352
Q

Holy Alliance

A

a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia; Austria; and Prussia after the congress of Vienna

353
Q

Hong Xiuquan

A

was a village school teacher; proved both inspiration and leadership for the Taiping rebellion. Wanted destruction of the Qing dynasty.

354
Q

intelligentsia

A

intellectuals; members of the educated elite (often used derogatorily)

355
Q

V.I. Lenin

A

led the communist revolution; was the leader of the Bolsheviks; ruled Russia

356
Q

marble boat

A

Empress Dowager Cixi spent millions of dollars to have parties on the boat. All the money was supposed to go to the Chinese Navy.

357
Q

Leninism

A

revision of Marxism that held that Russia need not experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism

358
Q

Mccartney mission

A

Lord McCartney went to China as head of British diplomatic mission to get China to trade with Britain; failed when misunderstandings led to problems

359
Q

most favored-nation status

A

agreement to offer a trading partner the lowest tariff rate offered to other trading partners

360
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910)

361
Q

Matthew Perry

A

commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

362
Q

black ships

A

Japanese name for the American steam ships. Called this because of the black smoke coming out of them

363
Q

Revolution of 1911

A

the revolution that resulted in China being turned into a republic soon after the death of Ci Xi

364
Q

Revolution of 1905

A

result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.

365
Q

Russia’s “official nationality”

A

The motto; “orthodoxy; autocracy; and nationality” where it was the dominant ideological doctrine from emperor Nicholas I.

366
Q

self-strengthening movement

A

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

367
Q

Sun Yat-sen

A

this man was a radical Chinese reformer who sought to overthrow the government

368
Q

Tanzimat

A

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model

369
Q

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A

constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

370
Q

Treaty of Nanking

A

a treaty with Britain and China that gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened 4 cities for trade

371
Q

vanguard of the revolution

A

a group of revolutionary leaders who could provoke the revolution in non-capitalist Russia

372
Q

What is to be Done?

A

Lenin’s pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.

373
Q

the Young Turks

A

Nationalists who wanted Turkey to adopt western-style governments.

374
Q

zemstvoes

A

local political councils created as part of Alexander II’s reforms; gave middle- class professionals experience in government but did not influence national policy.

375
Q

Bessemer steel converter

A

an important innovation that allowed iron ore to be converted to steel efficiently

376
Q

company men

A

British who lived in India for the EIC who were to protect factories and warehouses

377
Q

Captain James Cook

A

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

378
Q

The Origin of Species

A

1859: Charles Darwin’s book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

379
Q

Thomas Edison

A

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb; acoustic recording on wax cylinders; and motion pictures.

380
Q

colonial imperialism

A

actual occupation and rule of a territory or colony by a foreign nation

381
Q

political imperialism

A

dominant country uses diplomacy or military forces to influence the internal affairs

382
Q

economic imperialism

A

independent but less developed nation that is controlled by private business interests rather than by other govts.

383
Q

social-cultural imperialism

A

imperialism that influences a local territory to adopt mother country values and customs

384
Q

Indian Civil Service

A

bureaucrats in India; government jobs were usually staffed by British; Indians eventually gain some of these positions

385
Q

David Livingstone

A

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873)

386
Q

nawabs

A

a Muslim prince allied to British India; technically; a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor.

387
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

born in 1853; played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier; statesman; and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

388
Q

Rammohun Roy

A

an Indian who pushed for reforms by combining Hinduism and western thought; promoted Indian nationalism

389
Q

scientific racism

A

the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also; to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races

390
Q

sepoys

A

Indian troops who served in the British army

391
Q

settlement colonies

A

colonies that many people migrated to from the mother country

392
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

393
Q

Shaka

A

a Zulu chief in 1816 who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state.

394
Q

Henry Stanley

A

the man that found David Livingstone after he had been presumably lost in Africa and later took up his work

395
Q

tropical dependencies

A

Western European possessions in Africa; Asia; and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations

396
Q

absolute monarch

A

ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.

397
Q

atheist

A

one who does not believe in God

398
Q

capitalism

A

an economic system based on private property and free enterprise

399
Q

cash crop

A

farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family

400
Q

circumnavigate

A

to sail completely around the world

401
Q

colonization

A

system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land

402
Q

commerce

A

the buying and selling of goods

403
Q

commercial

A

related to business

404
Q

commonwealth

A

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

405
Q

continuity

A

the property of a continuous and connected period of time

406
Q

convent

A

a religious residence especially for nuns

407
Q

currency

A

the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used

408
Q

deists

A

believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin; Jefferson; Paine

409
Q

demography

A

the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations

410
Q

divine right

A

belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

411
Q

dominant

A

exercising influence or control

412
Q

divine

A

being or having the nature of a god

413
Q

hedonism

A

an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good

414
Q

hinder

A

to slow or impede the progress of

415
Q

humanism

A

the doctrine emphasizing a person’s capacity for self-realization through reason

416
Q

institution

A

an organization founded and united for a specific purpose

417
Q

jurisdiction

A

an area of authority or control; the right to administer justice

418
Q

left-wing

A

the liberal; socialist; or radical section of a political party or system

419
Q

mercantilism

A

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

420
Q

monastic

A

related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns

421
Q

monk

A

someone who withdraws from ordinary life; and lives alone or in a community; in order to devote oneself to prayer and work in total dedication to God

422
Q

monopoly

A

(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

423
Q

morality

A

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

424
Q

nun

A

a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church

425
Q

papacy

A

the government of the Roman Catholic Church

426
Q

papal

A

having to do with the pope

427
Q

parliament

A

a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g.; Great Britain)

428
Q

pope

A

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

429
Q

revolution

A

the overthrow of a government by those who are governed

430
Q

right-wing

A

those who support political or social or economic conservatism

431
Q

salvation

A

the state of being saved or preserved from harm

432
Q

sanctioned

A

conforming to orthodox or recognized rules

433
Q

satire

A

a type of writing that ridicules the shortcomings of people or institutions in an attempt to bring about a change

434
Q

utopia

A

ideally perfect state

435
Q

venerate

A

regard with feelings of respect and reverence

436
Q

Age of Reason

A

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

437
Q

Akbar the Great

A

known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government

438
Q

Batavia; Indonesia

A

fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta

439
Q

John Calvin

A

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

440
Q

Colombian Exchange

A

the transfer of plants; animals; and diseases between the Americas and Europe; Asia; and Africa

441
Q

Catholic Reformation

A

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

442
Q

Dutch East India Company

A

government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

443
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

444
Q

Edict of Fountainbleu

A

revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled

445
Q

Elizabeth I

A

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

446
Q

encomienda system

A

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

447
Q

English Bill of Rights

A

document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament

448
Q

English Commonwealth

A

period in English history where the nation had no monarch; began w/ execution of Charles I and ended w/ restoration of Charles II; led by Oliver Cromwell

449
Q

European exploration

A

voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century;

450
Q

Floating Empires

A

Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea; controlled many major shipping routes

451
Q

Goa; India

A

island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade

452
Q

Gutenberg’s Printing Press

A

this invention helped to promote the Reformation and increased European literacy

453
Q

Hacienda system

A

similar to the feudal system; Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners

454
Q

Hapsburg Spain

A

Charles V was the king here and this is where counter reformation was strongest.

455
Q

Henry Tudor

A

also known as Henry VII; victor of the War of the Roses; Lancasterian

456
Q

heliocentric theory

A

planets revolve around the sun

457
Q

huguenots

A

French Protestants

458
Q

Indulgences

A

remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments

459
Q

Jannissary Corps

A

Christian boys who were taken by the Muslim Ottomans to train and serve in the military. They often converted to Islam as they lost all Christian influence.

460
Q

Jesuit Order

A

a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen

461
Q

Law of Heavenly Bodies

A

Copernicus believed that heavenly bodies were in constant rotation

462
Q

Martin Luther

A

German theologian who led the Reformation

463
Q

Louis XIV

A

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

464
Q

Qing Dynasty

A

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu

465
Q

Peter the Great

A

ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725; wanted closer ties to western europe; modernize and strengthen Russia

466
Q

Philip II of Spain

A

this was the king who started the success of Spain’s foreign colonies

467
Q

Potosi Silver Mine

A

silver mine in the interior of South America; great silver mountain that would bring Spanish wealth

468
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

469
Q

Roman Catholic Church

A

the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy

470
Q

Scientific Methods

A

a series of steps followed to solve problems; including collecting data; formulating a hypothesis; testing the hypothesis; and stating conclusions

471
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method

472
Q

Silver (Single) Whip System

A

1581; imposed by Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng ordered that all land taxes in China must be paid in silver; this reform monetized the Chinese tax system

473
Q

Straits of Malacca

A

well-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route

474
Q

Suleiman the Magnificent

A

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire; ‘The Lawgiver.’ he expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

475
Q

Thirty Years War

A

this was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe

476
Q

Tokugawa Shogunate

A

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences

477
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648; ended the 30 Year War and created the state system.

478
Q

The Vatican

A

the palace in Rome in which the Pope lives; the control center of the Roman Catholic Church

479
Q

Zheng He

A

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty; he led great voyages that spread China’s fame throughout Asia

480
Q

95 Theses

A

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.

481
Q

absolutism

A

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

482
Q

Anglican Church

A

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

483
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

(1546-1601) established himself as Europe’s foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.

484
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

Spanish writer best remembered for ‘Don Quixote’ which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

485
Q

Nicholas Copernicus

A

He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles

486
Q

early modern period

A

the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)

487
Q

empirical evidence

A

scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation

488
Q

English Civil War

A

conflict from 1640-1660; religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues (the powers of the monarch); ended w/ restoration of the monarch following execution of previous king

489
Q

Enlightenment

A

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

490
Q

Galileo

A

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

491
Q

Gunpowder Empires

A

Muslim empires of the Ottomans; Safavids; and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

492
Q

Johann Gutenberg

A

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

493
Q

joint-stock companies

A

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

494
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

495
Q

land-based powers

A

governments controlled lands by building armies; bureaucracies; and roads; etc. that unified regions

496
Q

sea-based powers

A

nations who built larger empires by controlling sea routes and colonies

497
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

A well known Italian Renaissance artist; architect; musician; mathematician; engineer; and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

498
Q

constitutional monarchy

A

a system of governing in which the ruler’s power is limited by law

499
Q

John Locke

A

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

500
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

History, Geo, etc. (5 decks)

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