AP US World History Exam

Question 0

What was the first book that al-Nadim write about?

Answer 0

Arabic language and sacred scriptures, such as the Quran, the Torah and the gospel.

Question 1

Who was Abu al faraj?

Answer 1

A Muslim book maker and wrote in catalogues, commenting and summarizing books in such a way that historians’ understanding of books of that time period revolves around his writings

Question 2

In which book did al Nadim write about the Quran, the Torah and the gospel?

Answer 2

His first book

Question 3

What did al- Nadim’s second book cover?

Answer 3

Arabic grammar

Question 4

What book did al-Nadim write about grammar?

Answer 4

His second

Question 5

What did al- Nadim’s third book cover?

Answer 5

People connected to the Caliphs court, like jesters, historians, government officials, etc.

Question 6

What book of al-Nadim’s contain information on People connected to the Caliphs court, like jesters, historians, government officials, etc.

Answer 6

His third book

Question 7

What did al Nadim’s 3rd through 6th book contain?

Answer 7

Arabic poetry, Muslim sects, and Islamic law

Question 8

What did al Nadim’s 7th book contain?

Answer 8

Greek philosophy, science, and medicine

Question 9

What book by al-Nadim contained “story tellers and stories”, “exorcists, juggler, and magicians”, and “miscellaneous subjects and fables”?

Answer 9

Book eight

Question 10

In how many parts was book eight divided into? List them.

Answer 10

3: storytellers and stories, exorcists, jugglers and magicians, and miscellaneous subjects and fables.

Question 11

In what book and section was one the Arabian nights?

Answer 11

Book eight, section 1: storytellers and stories

Question 12

What book and section was “miscellaneous subjects and fables” written in?

Answer 12

Book eight, section three

Question 13

What subjects were covered in book eight section three? What was the name of the section?

Answer 13

Miscellaneous subjects and fables: “freckles, twitching, moles and shoulders”, “horsemanship, bearing if arms, the implements of war”, “veterinary surgery”, “birds of prey, sport with them and medical care of them”, “interpretations of dreams”, “perfume”, “cooked foods”, “poisons”, and “amulets and charms”

Question 14

What did book nine cover?

Answer 14

Non-Muslims sects and foreign lands (specifically India, indochina, and china),

Question 15

What did al-Nadim’s final book cover?

Answer 15

A few Final notes in philosophers he had not yet mentioned

Question 16

What do al-Nadim’s thousands of comments on titles, authors and books provide for us today?

Answer 16

An idea of what book buyers in Baghdad were interested in at the time.

Question 17

What does al-Nadim mean?

Answer 17

Book companion

Question 18

What did most people living in. The Arabian peninsula do to sustain themselves?

Answer 18

They were farmers

Question 19

Why were the Arab pastoralists living in the south isolated?

Answer 19

A huge desert called the “empty quarter” segregated them form the rest of the world

Question 20

T or F; most people living in the Arabian peninsula knew more about India and Africa then the Arabian interior (where the pastoralists lived)

Answer 20

T

Question 21

T or f: caravan trading was a small link between the Arabian people?

Answer 21

T: southern nomads were payed in exchange for camels, safe passage, and guides to merchants bringing myrrh, frankensensce and other southern good to northerners. Northern merchants brought goods from Mesopotamia and Syria.

Question 22

What new technology helped southern nomad further dominate the caravan trade?

Answer 22

Military efficient camel saddles. These also lead to many caravan trading cities controlled by Arabs. Animal power became distributed by Arab pastoralists due to the saddles, and things like of lead carts disappeared.

Question 23

Why did many Arabs adopt Christianity?

Answer 23

Because so many of them became used to northern lands like the byzantine empire, as they often travels there to trade, or farmed in their borders. Christianity spread even to the deserts, where Semitic polytheism (a religion where celestial bodies and natural forces were worshipped)

Question 24

What was Mecca?

Answer 24

A caravan trading City that was established later than the others, and that grew prosperous fats as the byzantine Syria, Iraq, and Yemen to attack it

Question 25

What factors contributed to Mecca becoming a pilgramge site?

Answer 25

The Kaaba, because Meccans had come to believe that the Kaaba was built by Abraham, and the holy well zamzam.

Question 26

After Mohammed made Mecca Islamic and died, who became his caliph?

Answer 26

His close friend and father in law, Abu Bakr.

Question 27

Why did some Muslims rebel against the caliphs?

Answer 27

Because they knew that neither Abu bakr nor anyone els could receive visions from god, and Muhammed’s own revelation did not mention a successor. Because of this, Muslim armies had to fight hard to establish the new caliph, some of which spilled into Iraq.

Question 28

What did Abu bakr do as caliph?

Answer 28

Maintained the five pillars of Islam, and reestablished Islam in the parts of Arabia that had abandoned it.

Question 29

What was umma?

Answer 29

Umma consisted of meccans and medinans who became a community who were bound by their their acceptance if Islam and recognition of Muhammed as the messenger of god

Question 30

Why did Muslims spilt into two groups?

Answer 30

Because they were fighting over who should be the caliph. The Shi’ite group killed the third caliph, and tried to establish Ali, Muhammed’s cousin and son in law. Shi’ite means party of Ali.

Question 31

Who opposed Ali?

Answer 31

Muhammed’s favorite wife, a’isha, and two of his close friends. However, they were defeated in the battle of camel, which was so called because it took place around a’isha, who was seated on a camel. After that, a governor from Syria and kin to the third caliph challenged him, and emerged victorious after one of Ali’s supporters killed him

Question 32

When the Syrian governor died, he chose his son as next caliph, which started the Umayyad rule. What resulted in this?

Answer 32

Many people rebelled, saying Ali’s family had the right to rule, which lead the Syrian governor’s son to order the death of the family. In turn, Their martyr transformed the Shi’ite movement into a religious sect, in stead of a political movement

Question 33

What do all Shi’ites beleive in?

Answer 33

Ali was the rightful caliph, and all of the leaders after him were his demand ant, somehow.

Question 34

Who were the Sunnis?

Answer 34

The supporters of the first three caliphs. Sunni means “people of tradition and community”.

Question 35

When Ali fought with the Syrian governor, he accepted arbitration, displeasing many and ultimately leading to his murder. What are those people called?

Answer 35

These people, although quite minor, are called kharaja, which means rebel.

Question 36

What are the three variations of Islam?

Answer 36

Sunni: supporter of first three caliphs
Shi’ite: supporter of Ali
Kharaja: the rebels against arbitration

Question 37

Why was it hard for Sunnis to regain power once lost?

Answer 37

Their beliefs never involved someone to filter out the false beliefs form the true beliefs

Question 38

Under whose reign did conquests outside of Arabia begin?

Answer 38

The second caliph

Question 39

What made the conquests so numerous?

Answer 39

The Muslims who fought were quite hardy due to the Muslim way of life, and quite obedient to medina

Question 40

Why was umar’s law saying Arabs couldn’t own conquered land important?

Answer 40

It kept the armies together, and ensured normal life in the countryside where most of the population lived

Question 41

What about the Islamic army?

Answer 41

The million of people who made it up created a small ruling class that lived on the taxes paid by the conquered, non Arabic countries. There is no proof that they tried to spread Islamic religion during these conquests

Question 42

Umayyad rulers/dynasty:

Answer 42

They ruled over a Muslim realm instead of a religious empire. Their armies were made of mostly Muslim Arabs, and they gradually replaced non Muslims government offices with Muslims, and made Arabic the official language. To symbolize the new order, new coins stamped with Muslim quotes were made.

Question 43

Why did the Umayyad dynasty fall?

Answer 43

Because the Shi’ites and the kahajas rebelled, because the rulers wee not very religious yet still looked upon for examples by the Muslim population.

Question 44

How did the Abbasid dynasty come to be?

Answer 44

A rebellion that finally ended the Umayyad dynasty was fought (one family member fled to Spain to start his own, small caliph) and supported by the Shi’ites who thought they were fighting too restore Ali’s family, only to find that one of Muhammed’s uncle coordinated the rebellion for his own installment

Question 45

What did the Abbasid caliphs do?

Answer 45

Many made peace with Ali’s family, and one almost transferred his power to them. The Abbasid rulers were considered good, as they restored piety and were god rulers. During their reign, court activities included interpretations of the Quran, and theology. Many of them sponsored translation from Greek, Indian, and Persian thoughts into Arabic.Their rule ended with the invasions of the mongols.

Question 46

What happened during the Abbasid rule?

Answer 46

Because of their “semi-Persianized” roots, they adopted their ceremonies. Government in the new Capitol Baghdad began more complex, and more and more non-Arabs converted to Islam. Poets began writing more songs about wine than Poems about the desert.

Question 47

What about the Abbasid decline?

Answer 47

Durning the ninth century, it became increasingly hard of the Abbasid family to control spy heir empire, as many people were converting to Islam. Communication was so bad, news of revolts took weeks and weeks to reach Baghdad, and military response took months.

Question 48

Change in Muslim rulers concern:

Answer 48

At first, impulsive feared they Muslim rule would be opposed, so the umma stayed firmly together in all things but place. However, those fears faded as the number if converts increased drastically. Later, rulers feared that such a centralized government didn’t serve the people well enough

Question 49

What happened between the Abbasid caliphs and their troops?

Answer 49

The rulers lost faith in them, so hired/purchased Turkish troops to fight for them, and they did it well. However, they were expensive, so when the caliphs couldn’t lay them, the Turks took to dismissing them and choosing a new caliph

Question 50

Who were the buyids?

Answer 50

A Shi’ite family that overthrew the Abbasid rulers. They became prices of provinces, and controlled the Abbasid caliph.

Question 51

What happens to Iranian states after the Abbasid rule?

Answer 51

They became prosperous, and some families even became independent. The first to duo so were the samanids, who made a court in Bukhara, a major city by the Silk Road. The samanid princes encouraged literature and learning in the Persian language written in Arabic letters

Question 52

What happened to the African states after the Abbasid ruler ended?

Answer 52

They rebelled and became 740 city states of sijilmasa and tahert. They became very wealthy by making the first regular trade across the Sahara.

Question 53

How did the northern city sates loose their independence?

Answer 53

The Fatimid people claimed to be Shi’ite imamas (Shi’ite rulers descended form Ali). They started the Fatimid dynasty, and conquered Egypt, making to a cultural, political and intellectual Islamic center. They challenged the Abbasid dynasty. Because of their gold, the Fatimids were an economic powerhouse in the Mediterranean.

Question 54

What happened to the culture in the Arabic area?

Answer 54

In the Spain, citrus fruit grew abundantly and prospered with high tech irrigation. Arabic speaking Christians and Jews mixed with Muslims to create the most diverse agricultural culture and economy in Europe.

Question 55

What was al-andalus?

Answer 55

The Islamic word for Iberian countries (Spain and Portugal)

Question 56

When did the al-andalus rulers take the name of caliph?

Answer 56

When a Fatimid ruler in Tunisian also called himself a caliph. However, by the end of the century the caliphate broke apart, and al-andalus became many small states. However, this didn’t stop some of the greatest Jewish writers and thinkers to to make beautiful poetry, religious philosophy, and Aristotelian writing in Muslim Spain.

Question 57

After the Abbasid decline, how many principal caliphs were there?

Answer 57

3: the Samanids, Fatimids, and the Umayyads.

Question 58

Did the three caliphates of the Fatimids, Umayyads, and Samanids’ boundaries result in an Islamic division?

Answer 58

No; religious scholars (called ulamas) worked against permanent divisions of the Islamic umma.