AP U.S. History Terms Quarter 2 Flashcards
Union Party
a coalition formed by the Republican Party and War Democrats for the election of 1864.
Jefferson Davis
The President of the Southern Confederacy
Homestead Act of 1862
160 acres of virtually free land to American citizens or soon-to-be citizens between west of the Mississippi
John Wilkes Booth
Lincoln’s assassin
Morrill Act 1862
Federal land within the states was given up to the states so the states could sell it and the money went to establish land grant institutions (public universities like Michigan State University)
National Banking System
Banks that were stable who were willing to invest 1/3 of their assets into the system could use U.S. Treasury Bonds as their own currency (as their bank notes)…Like a National Bank but better.
Copperheads
Peace Democrats in the North. Lincoln considered them to be a great danger to the Union effort.
Gettysburg
Represented the biggest loss of life in any battle fought in the Civil War.
Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln’s Plan for the South to reenter the Union. When ten percent of the number of people who voted in the election of 1860 took an oath of loyalty to the United states, then that state could enter the union.
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who moved South after the Civil War. Many had come with the Freedman’s Bureau. They saw the South as the new frontier and made up part of the Black and Tan state governments.
Antietam
The Bloodiest single day of the war.
Restoration
Andrew Johnson’s plan for reconstruction
Tenure of Office Act
The President cannot remove a cabinet-level appointment without the consent of the Senate….was cause for Johnson’s impeachment
Impeachment
To bring formal charges against
Redeemers
aka the Bourbons. Took power in the Southern states when the Black and Tan governments fell
Andrew Johnson
He and Bill Clinton were the only two presidents to have been impeached. Was Lincoln’s War Democrat vice-president and became president upon Lincoln’s death
U.S. Grant
Hero of the Civil War. Was President of the U.S. after Andrew Johnson.
R.E. Lee
The greatest general of the Confederacy. Surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
National Supremacy Amendments
13, 14, 15
B.T. Washington
A Black leader during the Populist Period. His advice was included in the Atlanta Compromise: emulate the white middle class and educate yourselves and contribute to the economy and you will be accepted and will be given your rights.
Credit Moblier
French construction company that cheated the U.S. government and the Union Pacific Railroad out of a bundle of money. The biggest scandal of the Grant administration.
Appomattox Court House
Where Lee surrendered to Grant
Stalwarts
members of the Republican party who used to be conservatives who grew tired of Reconstruction and wanted to concentrate on what was good for them…like the tariff
Compromise of 1877
Settled the controversial election of 1876. Hayes “won.”
Garfield
was shot by Charles Guiteau
Guiteau
Garfield’s assassin.
The Turner Thesis
a myth. Claimed that democracy would never become stale like the governments in Europe because it was constantly reinvented as Americans pushed through the frontier
Manifest Destiny
The belief that Americans had a God-given right to conquer the continent and beyond. Is generally associated with the Westward Movement and American Imperialism
“Das Kapital”
Written by Karl Marx
Karl Marx
Wrote “Das Kapital”
“The Virginian”
written by Oliver Wister
Mark Twain
Wrote Roughing It, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn
Social Darwinism
“Survival of the fittest.” Applied to indigenous peoples and big business
Geronimo
Last of the great Apache warriors captured in 1886. Sold his picture postcard at the St. Louis World’s Fair
“Origin of Species”
written by Charles Darwin
“A Century of Dishonor”
related savage treatment of the native Americans by the U.S. Written by Helen Hunt Jackson
Dawes (Severalty) Act
(1887) Big change in U.S. Indian policy. Natives were dealt with as individuals (tribe no longer sovereign) Each head of household given 160 acres of land and would gain deed after 25 years
Californios
Hispanic residents of California during the westward movement
Halfbreeds
Republicans who were former Liberals who were former radical reconstructionists…led by Blaine (1880’s)
Mugwumps
(1880’s) Independent republicans who were willing to dessert the party to vote for an honest man…contributed to the election of Cleveland (Dem.)
Chester Arthur
Stalwart (Rep) who became president upon the death of Garfield.
Pendleton Act
(1883) The first Civil Service reform
Cleveland
First Democratic President since the Civil War. Only President to serve two nonconsecutive terms
Benjamin Harrison
Republican President between Cleveland’s two terms
Anson-Burlingame Treaty
(1868) to expedite Chinese Railroad workers coming to the U.S.
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) ended Chinese immigration to the U.S.
Pacific Railway Act
set the precedent for the U.S. subsidizing railroads
Horatio Alger
wrote popular stories of young, poor boys who were of good character and who were hard-working and who realized the American Dream because of it
Robber Barons
Captains of industry (Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Gould, J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller) most were not self-made men
Vanderbilt
railroad tycoon in northeast
Carnegie
WAS self-made. Carnegie Steel, wrote Gospel of Wealth
Rockefeller
Standard Oil: a horizontal and vertical trust
“Looking Backward”
written by Edward Bellamy. A futuristic novel describing a socialist utopian society
Knights of Labor
a union open to all except professionals. Founded by Sylvis and came out in the open under Powderly. Wanted to eventually replace wages with a “cooperative” system
Gompers
Led the AFL
AFL
a union for skilled laborers. Barely survived the strikes of the 1880’s and 1890’s
Eugene Debs
leader of the Pullman strike. Will run for President for the Socialist Party 5 times
The Grange
founded for farmers by a minor official in the Dept. of Agriculture. Wanted to end the isolation of rural workers
The Greenback Party
a third party supported by farmers who wanted the government to print more paper money so it would be inflated
ICA
The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) said rate discrimination was illegal
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
(1890) Conspiracies in restraint of trade are illegal. Designed to curb the power of monopolies.
Benjamin Harrison
President between Cleveland’s 2 terms. Republican. Raised the tariff. Was voted out of office because the economy went sour.
Ocala Demands
Platform of the Populist (People’s) Party
Populist Party
third party made up of farmers, silver miners, professional reformers, Grangers, left over Knights of labor. Wanted inflation through free silver, lower tariff, curb the power of monopolies, regulation of railroads, income tax. Reached its height of power in the election of 1892.
Weaver
ran for President in 1892 for the Populist Party
Coxey’s Rebellion
- Coxey and another 1,000 middle class businessmen marched on Washington demanding relief.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate for President in 1892. Democrats had adopted the populist demand for inflation through free silver. Gave the Cross of Gold speech
Cross of Gold Speech
Wm. Jennings Bryan said the common folk were being crucified by the lack of inflation.
McKinley
Republican. Beat Bryan in the election of 1896. Reelected in 1900 and assassinated by Czolgocz in 1901.
Czolcocz
assassinated McKinley in 1901. Was an anarchist
“The Jungle”
written by Upton Sinclair. Exposed the horrors of the meat-packing industry and led to the first Pure Food and Drug law.
“The Octopus”
written by Frank Norris. Farmers lost money to middle-men
Chautaqua Movement
for adult education. Began in the basement of a Methodist Church where adults were taught to read
Progressives
fixed the problems exposed by the muckrakers and the populist party. Were middle-class professionals in both major parties. Included governors and Presidents
Muckrakers
investigative journalists hired to expose the problems in American life
Treason of the Senate
written by Daniel Graham. Exposed corruption in government
Ida Tarbell
wrote “The History of Standard Oil” and exposed the unsavory and unethical practices of Rockefeller
Teddy Roosevelt
became President upon the death of McKinley. Was a Republican Progressive. Elected in 1904 (rep) and ran for President again in 1912 on the Progressive party (Bull moose party) ticket. Square Deal
Square Deal
TR’s promise that he would look out for the common man
Newlands (Reclamation) Act
one of the first federal conservation laws (TR)
W.E.B. Dubois
Black leader during the Progressive Period. The Niagara Movement: Demand your rights now!
Taft
Elected President in 1908. Republican. Dollar Diplomacy
Wilson
Democrat Progressive. Won the election of 1912 against TR and Taft. Led the U.S. into WWI with “Peace and Preparedness.” Author of the 14 Points
Bull Moose Party
(Progressive Party) Republican faction in 1912. TR ran for President for them
Progressive Amendments
16 Income tax, 17 Direct election of Senators, 18 Prohibition, 19 Women’s Suffrage
Federal Reserve Act
to stabilize U.S. economy. Established the Federal Reserve Board, which had power over how much money was in circulation, etc.
Clayton-Anti Trust Act
Listed illegal business practices
Adamson Act
Provided an 8-hour day for railroad workers
Lockner v. NY
the first time the Supreme Court overturned a Progressive piece of legislation (limited working hours of children)
WCTU
Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Worked for prohibition
Francis Willard
a leader in the temperance movement (Anti-Saloon League)
Carrie Nation
worked for temperance. Used an ax to break up bars
Anti-Saloon League
worked for temperance (Willard)
Volstead Act
defined an alcoholic beverage as having more than ½ of 1% alcohol
Amendment 21
repealed amendment 18 (Prohibition)
NAWSA
worked for women’s suffrage. The NWSA and the AWSA reunited
ILGWU
Union for garment industry gained sympathy from the public after the Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire
Social Gospel Movement
salvation through community service
Mary Baker Eddy
wrote “Science and the Mind.” Founded the Christian Scientist religion.
Jane Addams
won the Nobel Peace Prize for her settlement house: Hull House
Imperialism
the takeover of foreign lands. Often involving subjugation of native peoples and the imposition of one culture on another
Mahan
wrote “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”
Seward’s Folly
1867 Sec. of State’s, Seward, purchase of Alaska
John Hay
McKinley’s Sec. of State who came up with the Open Door Policy (China)
Open Door Policy
John Hay (McKinley’s Sec. of State) sent a series of notes to foreign powers with spheres of influence in China asking them to respect China’s territorial integrity. (to protect U.S. trade with China)
Treaty of Portsmouth
TR won the Nobel Peace Prize for this treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft’s policy: The U.S. would use political influence to protect American investments abroad
Poncho Villa
Mexican bandit who felt betrayed by Wilson and Wm. Jennings Bryan
ABC Powers
Argentina, Brazil, Chile managed to avert a war between Mexico and the U.S.
Blaine
Sec. of State for Garfield. Created the Pan-American Union
Pan American Union
an organization of independent American States to meet for improved relations and better understanding
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
TR’s Latin American policy: The U.S. would intervene if an American country was guilty of wrongdoing.
The Maine
American ship that exploded in Havana Harbor. Led to the Spanish-American War
Spanish-American War
1898 McKinley The U.S. won Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from the Spanish
Treaty of Paris
1898 Ended the Spanish-American War. To Spain $20 million, to U.S. colonies: Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines
H.C. Lodge
Republican in the Senate who worked hard to snuff out the U.S. joining the League of Nations after WWI
Rough Riders
volunteer cavalry during Spanish American War. TR was a member
Dewey
Sunk all Spanish ships in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War
Platt Amendment
had to be included in Cuba’s constitution before it was given its independence. Said Cuba would not sell or lease an part of itself to another power, could not get into debt it could not pay, would allow American intervention if America deemed it necessary and agreed to lease harbors to the U.S.
Teller Amendment
said the U.S. had no designs on Cuba for itself (before the U.S. entered into the Spanish-American War)
Panama Canal
Linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans with a series of locks. Greatest engineering feat in the Western Hemisphere to that point
Lusitania
a French luxury liner that was sunk by German U-boats killing Americans
Zimmerman Cable
Urged Mexico to make war on the U.S. with promises of “lost lands to the North”
14 Points
Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI
Treaty of Versailles
Ended WWI. Never ratified by the U.S.
League of Nations
The 14th Point of Wilson’s 14 Points. Would provide a forum for countries to talk out their differences rather than resorting to war
Birth of a Nations
racist movie based on the book, “The Klansmen.” Endorsed by Wilson
Harding
Elected President in 1920. Corrupt administration. Teapot Dome Scandal
Harlem Renaissance
during the 20’s. A cultural renaissance of the Black culture. The Jazz Age, the Cotton Club, Black writers: Langston Hughs, Countee Cullen
Herbert Hoover
Headed the General Intelligence Division of the Attorney General’s office. Eventually the first head of the FBI
Flappers
the modern women of the 20’s. Short skirts, bobbed hair, make up, smoking, drinking
Scopes (Monkey) Trial
Evolution on Trial. Modernists v Fundamentalists. Clarence Darrow v Bryan
Sacco and Vanzetti
Italian immigrants (anarchists) accused, convicted and executed for the death of a paymaster in Braintree, Mass. An example of American nativism and showed fear of anarchy and communism
Teapot Dome Scandal
Biggest scandal of the Harding Administration. Involved the lease of oil lands that were being held in reserve for the navy to two oil millionaires
Lost Generation
American writers who were disenchanted by American society: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Dos Pasos and others
National Origins Act
Limited the number of immigrants coming to the U.S. based on percentage already here in 1890. Ended immigration from Japan, China, Africa, much of Eastern Europe
Popular Nullification
generally used to describe how the population nullifies laws by ignoring them…as in Prohibition during the 1920’s
Coolidge
Republican. Became President on the death of Harding and elected in 1924. Silent Cal. Said, “ There is no right to strike against public safety by anyone, anywhere at anytime” and “The business of America IS business.”
