AP U.S. History Terms Quarter 1 Flashcards
St. Augustine, Florida
The first permanent Spanish colony in what is now the United States
Conquistadores
The earliest Spanish conquerors in the New World. Cortez and Aztecs, Pizarro and Incas
Patroon System
To lure settlers to New Amsterdam, the Dutch offered large land holdings to anyone who paid the passage of 50 to 100 people to the New World
Pequot War
1636 in Conneticut Native Americans were defeated by the English colonist
Quebec
The first permanent French colony in the New World (1608)
Las Casas
Spanish missionary who tried to defend Native Americans and was partially responsible for the Spanish using African slave labor
Headright System
The English version of the Patroon System. Large tracts of land were given to those who paid the passage of others to come to the New World
King Philip’s War (1675)
Early Indian defeat in Massachussets
Jamestown
(1607) The first permanent English colony in the New World
Iroquois
The most sophisticated political organization to confront the colonists in the New World. Were allied with the English until after the French and Indian War.
Theocracy
A government which is led by leaders of the established church.
Encomienda System
Allowed the Spanish settlers to use Native American labor in the New World
Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh failed to establish a permanent colony here
Separatists
The Pilgrims who had separated from the Anglican church
Indentured Servitude
The preferred form of unfree labor in the British colonies in the first three quarters of the 17th century.
Amerindians
Native Americans
John Rolfe
saved Jamestown by introducing a milder tobacco to the soil
Bacon’s Rebellion
was responsible for Americans using slave labor from Africa rather than continuing to use indentured servitude
Stono Rebellion
South Carolina. A slave rebellion in which the runaway slaves tried to escape to Spanish Florida where slavery had been abolished.
Bradford
Governor of the Plymouth Plantation and author of History of the Plymouth Plantation
John Winthrop
First governor of the Mass. Bay Co.
Roger Williams
Founded Rhode Island after his exile from the Mass. Bay Co.
Thomas Hooker
Founded Conn. after his exile from the Mass. Bay Co.
Anne Hutchinson
One of her followers founded New Hampshire after her exile
Ann Bradstreet
an early colonial poet
City on a Hill
The utopian Christian community that the Puritans had hoped to build in Mass.
Mass. Bay Co.
Was the Puritan community in Mass. established in 1630
Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)
The first elected legislative body in the English colonies in the New World
Harvard
was established in 1636 by the Puritans to train ministers
Governor Berkley
Was Virginia’s royal governor during Bacon’s Rebellion
Fundamental Orders of Conn.
The first written constitution in the colonies that really worked
Cavaliers
Supporters of the defeated British king who fled to Virginia
Quakers
AKA the Society of Friends. Believed that all were equal in the eyes of God
Charter of Liberties
Pennsylvania’s constitution
William Penn
Established Pennsylvania as a sanctuary for Quakers
Oglethorpe
One of the philanthropists who founded Georgia
New England Confederation
17th Century loose organization of New England towns who worked together to defend themselves from Indian attacks
Dominion of New England
James II revoked the charters of settlements east and north of Penn. and made the region into one royal colony.
Andros
The royal governor of the Dominion of New England
Mayflower Compact
A document which said that those who signed agreed to abide by the rules that the settlers would make together.
Glorious Revolution
When William and Mary took the English throne and signed the English Bill of Rights
Navigation Acts
Were used by the English to control colonial trade
Huguenots
French Protestants who fled to Carolina when the Edict of Nantes was revoked
Primogeniture
A common European practice where the oldest son inherited everything from his father
Specie
Gold, silver, precious metals
Middle Passage
The Route by which most Africans were brought to the New World
George Whitefield
A preacher who was a gifted speaker during the First Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
author of Sinners in the hands of an Angry God
Halfway Convenant
An attempt to keep membership in the Puritan church after the Age of Revelation had passed
The First Great Awakening
(1730-44) A colony-wide religious revival stressing salvation through the grace of God as well as hellfire and brimstone
Methodism
founded by Wesley. Stressed a personal relationship with God based on faith and a born-again kind of experience
Mulatto
A child with both European and African blood.
Mestizo
A child with both European and Native American blood
Toleration Act of 1649
An attempt to protect the rights of Catholics in Maryland
Zenger Trial
A landmark case fro American freedom of the press
French and Indian War
Began in the Ohio Valley. Was called the Seven Years’ War in Europe
Albany Plan of Union (1754)
Benjamin Franklin’s plan to unify the colonies under Britain’s leadership for the sole purchase of defense against the Indians
William Pitt
The British Prime Minister during the French and Indian War
Peace of Paris
The Treaty that ended the French and Indian War. As a result France was no longer a colonial power
Ohio Valley
Where the French and Indian War began
Patrick Henry
Spoke out against the Stamp Act in the Virginia House of Burgesses
James Otis
Spoke out against the Stamp Act in the Mass. assembly
Sam Adams
Led the Sons of Liberty
Paxton Boys
Scotch-Irish who threatened to burn down Philadelphia unless the colonial government addressed the Indian problem
Benjamin Franklin
Author of the Albany Plan of Union. Led the Foreign Affairs committee, edited The Declaration of Independence
Sons of Liberty
enforced the boycott established by the Stamp Act Congress
Mutiny Act
said the colonial legislatures had to provide funding for British soldiers in the colonies or face having their legislatures dissolved
Sugar Act (1764)
like the Molasses Act of 1733 but the Sugar Act was enforced
Currency Act
Forbade the colonies from printing money. Did cause hardship
Writs of Assistance
General search warrants used by the British to look for smuggled goods
Paul Revere
Silversmith responsible for blowing the Boston Massacre out of proportion
Mercy Otis Warren
Founded the Daughters of Liberty
John Dickenson
wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies in North America
The Gaspee
A British revenue ship chasing smugglers on the Delaware River. Was burned by colonists from Rhode Island
Coercive Acts
aka Intolerable Acts. The British response to the Boston Tea Party
Boston Massacre
ruled an accident by a colonial jury. British soldiers were defended by John Adams
General Gage
Was sent to Concord to capture colonial munitions and Patrick Henry and Sam Adams. He was forced to retreat back to Boston empty-handed
Second Continental Congress
Was the American government throughout most of the Revolutionary War
Hessians
German mercenaries hired by the British
Common Sense
a pamphlet written to popularize the war. Written by Tom Paine
Thomas Paine
Wrote Common Sense
Thomas Jefferson
author of the Declaration of Independence, third U.S. President, Washington’s Sec. of State, co-founder of the Jeffersonian Republican Party
George Washington
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, first President of the United States
Declaration of Independence
written by Jefferson, first indication of an American identity
Benedict Arnold
American traitor who tried to turn West Point over to the British
Lord North
British who tried to mend relations with the colonies even after Lexington and Concord
William Howe
British General who replaced Gates and who was replaced by Clinton
Saratoga
was the turning point of the Revolutionary war because it convinced the French to join the Americans against the British
Valley Forge
Where Washington’s troops starved and froze while British troops, led by Howe, were cozy and warm in Philadelphia
Yorktown
The last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Washington defeated Cornwallis
Treaty of Paris
Ended the Revolutionary War
The Federalist Papers
written by Hamilton, Jay and Madison to convince Americans to ratify the Constitution
Alexander Hamilton
wrote 63 of the Federalist Papers, leader of the Federalist Party, Washington’s Sec. of the Treasury, was killed by Aaron Burr
John Jay
wrote some of the Federalist Papers, was the first Supreme Court Chief Justice
Antifederalists
folks who opposed the Constitution because they believed the central government had too much power
Jay-Gardoqui Treaty
U.S. and Spain. The Spanish would allow Americans to trade with the Spanish West Indies if the Americans would give up on claims to the Right of Deposit at the mouth of the Mississippi
Jay Treaty (1794)
The U.S. and England. Nothing gained by the U.S., caused an uproar in congress, convinced the Spanish to give the U.S> the right of deposit and the Yazoo strip
Right of Deposit
Americans wanted Spain to agree to allow American ships to use the mouth of the Mississippi in spite of Spain controlling both sides of the mouth because New Orleans was theirs
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
Spain gave the U.S> the Right of Deposit and the Yazoo strip
Judith Murray
Wrote Women and Economics
Manumission
Freedom for slaves
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
provided for the political development of the land bordered by the Great Lakes, the Mississippi, and the Ohio River
Land Ordinance of 1785
Provided for the survey and sale of Western land
Republican Party
founded by Jefferson and Madison to oppose the Federalist Party
James Madison
Jefferson’s Sec. of State, wrote several of the Federalist Papers, fourth U.S. President
XYZ Affair
three Americans diplomats were asked by French agents for a bribe. This led to the Quazi War with France (1798-1800)
Amendment 12
due to the election of 1800. Provided for separate ballots for President and Vice President
Quazi War
with France (1798-1800). Sparked by the XYZ Affair
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
written by Madison and Jefferson. Their way to publicize the Federalists’ partisan legislation
Alien and Sedition Acts
partisan legislation meant to harm the republicans
Mad Anthony Wayne
fought the Native Americans in the Northwest Territory
Treaty of Greenville
(1794) ended the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Miami Indians of Ohio agreed to give up half of their land and stay off of the warpath for a time.
Revolution of 1800
Jefferson’s election. One political party replaced another without violence or turmoil.
Republican Mother
a woman’s most sacred duty is to raise her sons as good republican citizens
Midnight Judges
After the election of 1800 but before Jefferson was inaugurated, Congress created a whole new string of federal courts and Adams appointed all federalist judges to these posts.
John Marshall
had been Adams’s Sec of State and Adams appointed him Supreme Court Chief Justice
Marbury v. Madison
(John Marshall) established Judicial Review
Aaron Burr
Jefferson’s first VP. Killed Hamilton in a duel
Washington Irving
Wrote Legend of Sleepy Hallow
Benjamin Rush
American doctor who wrote about the evils of alcohol and established a medical school at the University of Pennsylvania
Enlightenment
a mini Renaissance featuring a new quest for knowledge, rational thinking, and well-rounded men (like Jefferson and Franklin)
Deism
the rational religion popular during the Enlightenment
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin
Rober Fulton
Introduced his steamship, The Clermont, to North America
The Clermont
Steamship introduced by Fulton to North America
Second Great Awakening
religious revival stressing salvation through faith. A reaction to the enlightenment. People wanted a personal God rather than a disinterested creator
Treaty of Ildefonso
treaty between France and Spain in which France regained land west of the Mississippi
Essex Junto
unhappy Federalists’ plan to form a New England Confederation and leave the Union with Aaron Burr as their leader
Continental System
The Berlin and Milan Decrees. Napoleon’s justification of violating American neutral rights at sea
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson bought land west of the Mississippi to the Rockies from France for $15 million
Embargo Act
(1807) Jefferson’s failed attempt to make England and France respect American neutral rights at sea
