AP Unit 2/Textbook Unit 4 Exam (11/7) Flashcards
Political ideology
A set of beliefs about the desired goals and outcomes of a process of governance. May differ depending on what area of policy is being observed.
Political culture
The dominant set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationship between citizens and government.
Individualism
The belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves and for the decisions they make.
Free enterprise/Laissez-faire
An economic system in which government intrudes as little as possible in the economic transactions among citizens and businesses.
Rule of law
The principle that no one, including public officials, is above the law.
Political socialization
The experiences and factors that shape an individual’s political values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Generational effect
The impact of historical events experiences by a generation upon their political views.
Life-cycle effect
The impact of a person’s age and stage in life on his or her political views.
Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness of people, businesses, and countries throughout the world.
Outsourcing
When a company moves its business to a place where labor costs are cheaper or production is more efficient because workers work longer hours.
Race to the bottom
A metaphorical competition in which countries entice international businesses to relocate by lowering environmental and labor standards. Can increase employment and decrease quality of life.
Public opinion
The sum of individual attitudes about government, policies, and issues.
Focus group
A small group of individuals assembled for a conversation about specific issues.
Scientific poll
A representative poll of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size (1500+), using neutral language.
Sample
A group of individuals from a larger population used to measure public opinion.
Random selection
A method of choosing all poll respondents in a way that does not over or under represent any group of the population.
Representative sample
A sample that relects the demographics of the population.
Weighting
A procedure in which the survey is adjusted according to the demographics of the larger population.
Sampling error
The margin of error in a poll, which usually is calculated to plus or minus three percentage points.
Mass survey
A survey designed to measure the opinions of the population, usually consisting of 1500 responses.
Entrance survey
A poll conducted of people coming to an event.
Exit poll
A survey conducted outside a polling place in which individuals are asked who or what they just voted for any why.
Benchmark poll
A survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters.
Tracking poll
A survey determining the level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign.
Random digit dialing
The use of telephone numbers randomly generated by computer to select potential survey respondants.
Question order
The sequencing of questions in public opinion polls.
Question wording
The phrasing of a question in a public opinion poll.
Right
Something guaranteed that the government cannot take away.
Privilege
Something a person may obtain or receive, but that the government can take away.
Party ideology
A party’s philosophy about the proper role of government and its set of positions on major issues.
Party identification
An individual’s attatchment to a political party.
Conservatism
An ideology favoring more control of social behavior, fewer regulations on business, and less government interference in the economy.
Liberalism
An ideology favoring less government control over social behavior and more greater regulation of business and of the economy.
Libertarianism
An ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty.
Command and control economy
Economic policy in which many economic decisions are left to individuals and businesses, with the government regulating economic activity.
GDP
The total value of goods and services produced by an economy
Economic recession
A period of decline in economic activity, typically defined by two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth
Unemployment rate
The percentage of people actively looking for work who cannot find jobs
Inflation
The rise in the prices of goods and services.
Consumer price index
The cost of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, used to measure the cost of living
Fiscal policy
Government use of taxes and spending to attempt to lower unemployment, support economic growth, and stabilize the economy.
Federal Reserve System
A board of govenors, Federal Reserve Banks, and member banks responsible for monetary policy
Monetary policy
A set of economic policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy
Monetary Theory
The government should match the growth of the money supply to the growth in economic productivity
Keynesianism
Stimulate the economy during times of economic recession by spending money to encourage economic growth
Supply-Side Theory
Stimulate the economy by cutting taxes to encourage businesses to grow and taxpayers to spend more money.
Medicare
A federal program that provides health insurance to the seniors and the disabled
Medicaid
A federal program that provides healthcare for the poor
