AP test vocab Flashcards
Acculturation
an ethnic group moving to a new area and adopting the values of the larger, receiving culture while still maintaining major elements of their own culture
Assimilation
when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group
Multiculturalism
the coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study
Nativism
a violent, anti-immigrant attitude often formed by receiving cultures in attempt to reject immigrants and new cultures
cultural relativism
the concept that a persons beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that persons own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture
centripetal force
a force that unifies people
centrifugal force
a force that divides people
cultural convergence
a theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase
syncretism
the uniting or attempted uniting of different cultures
Diaspora
the dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel
chain migration
when people move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously
cluster migration
a pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of a distinctive social or ethnic group
step migration
a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
brain drain
when migration out of a country is made up of highly skilled people
guest workers
people with temporary permission to work in another country
remmitance
money sent back to friends and family by immigrants in the country they left (can account for 40% of income in some small countries)
intervening obstacles
barriers that make it more difficult for immigrants to reach their final destination (usually a lack of money or no visa)
intervening opportunities
opportunities that make it easier for migrants to reach that final destination, or eliminate the need to reach the final destination (usually a job)
crude birth/death rate
number of live births/deaths per 1000 people in a population
total fertility rate
average number of children per women in a population
rate of natural increase
percentage by which a population is growing or declining (disregarding migration) RNI=(CBR-CDR)/10
ethnic enclaves
neighborhoods filled primarily with the same group of ethnic people (can from when chain migration occurs)
birth deficit
the slowing down of births in a population causing certain bars on a population pyramid to be significantly smaller than the bars below and above (during war)
baby boom
a spike in birth rate (after war)
dependency ratio
number of people in potential workforce (15-64) compared to number dependents (<15, >64) DR=potential workforce/dependent population
irredentism
when people try to take back land because of cultural ties to the population there
enclave
a country, or especially an outlying portion of a country, completely surrounded by another country
exclave
a portion of a country that is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory
internal waters
any water inside of a country’s baseline
Truman proclamation
1945 - President Truman claims the need for new supplies of petroleum which experts believed to exist in the continental shelf of the coast of the U.S.
-he also claimed the U.S. should exercise jurisdiction over these resources because the U.S. would ensure they weren’t wasted
UNCLOS 1
1958 to address LOS and Truman Proclamation
UNCLOS 2
1960 no new agreements
UNCLOS 3
1973-1982 majority of current maritime laws regarding baseline, territorial waters, innocent passage, contiguous zone, EEZ, international waters
Partition of Africa
the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during New Imperialism (1881-1914)
Partition of India
the division of British India into two independent states, India and Pakistan (1947)
nation
a group of people who have shared common cultural heritage and homeland
nation-state
a singular nation of people who have fulfilled the qualifications for a state (Japan, Iceland)
multinational state
a country that contains more than one nation within its border (Canada, U.S., U.K.)
stateless nation
a nation of people who do not have their own independent political entity (Palestinians, Catalans, Kurds)
Berlin Conference
1885 representatives from Europe met to lay out claims for the continent of Africa
imperialism
influencing another country or group of people through a variety of ways - direct conquest, economic control, cultural dominance
colonialism
a type of imperialism where people move into and settle on the land of another country
decolonization
independence movements from countries who were under imperial rule - 1945-1970 40 countries gained independence in Africa and Asia
neocolonialism
a new form of colonialism where developing countries are controlled by indirect means - usually economic but can be political and cultural
shatterbelt
a region that suffers from instability because of its location between two opposing regions
devolution
the transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government (usually regional)
supranationalism
when multiple countries from an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits - military, economic, or political
transnational corporations
companies that conduct business on a global scale
horizontal integration
merging with a competitor of equal capabilities
vertical integration
merging with a company who is part of your supply chain
chokepoint
a strategic strait or canal which could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic
transhumance
the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer
transnational migration
a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
balkanization
the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another
gerrymandering
manipulating the boundaries of an electoral constituency to favor one party or class
