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AP studyguide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

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2
Q

What kind of energy do cells harvest?
Why do they harvest this energy?

A

Chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
To generate ATP

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3
Q

What is a major source of fuel for animals?

A

starch

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4
Q

what does starch break down into?

A

glucose

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5
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat)

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6
Q

What does oxidation mean?

A

Loss of electrons.

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7
Q

what does reduction mean?

A

gain of electrons

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8
Q

What does the oxidation of glucose do?
What is energy to be used in?

A

Transfers e- to a lower energy state, releasing energy
ATP synthase

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9
Q

What path will most electrons follow during cellular respiration?

A

A “downhill” exergonic path.

Glucose ———> NADPH ———> ETC———> Oxygen

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10
Q

What has to happen in order to harvest energy?

A

Glucose is broken down into steps.

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11
Q

Describe what happens to electrons in energy harvest.

A

Electrons are taken from glucose at different steps.
Each e- travels with a proton (H+).

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12
Q

What do dehydrogenases do?

A

Take 2 e- and 2 protons from glucose.

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13
Q

What are dehydrogenases?

A

Oxidizing agent for glucose.

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14
Q

What is the second step for electrons in energy harvest?

A

Transfers 2 e- and 1 proton to the coenzyme NAD+.

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15
Q

What does NAD+ reduce to? What does the NADH do?

A

NADH.
Stores the energy.

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16
Q

What happens to the other proton?
● energy harvest
what does NADH do?

A

It’s released into the surrounding solution as H+.
Carries e- to the electron transport chain.

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17
Q

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A

A sequence of membrane proteins that shuttle electrons down a series of
redox reactions.

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18
Q

What does this chain release?

A

Energy used to make ATP.

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19
Q

What does the ETC do?

A

Transfers e- to O2 to make H2O; Releases energy.

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20
Q

Who is the final electron acceptor?

A

O2

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21
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis.
  2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.
  3. Oxidation phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis).
    Glycolysis——> Pyruvate Oxidation ——> Citric Acid Cycle ——> ETC and Chemiosmosis\
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22
Q

What is glycolysis known for?

A

Being the starting point of cellular respiration.

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23
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol.

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24
Q

What does glycolysis split?

A

Splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates (3C).

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25
Q

What are the 2 stages of glycolysis?

A
  1. Energy investment stage.
  2. Energy payoff stage.
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26
Q

What happens in the energy investment stage?

A

The cell uses ATP to phosphorylate compounds of glucose.

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27
Q

How is energy produced in the energy payoff stage?

A

Produced by substrate level phosphorylation.

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28
Q

What is the net energy yield per 1 glucose?

A

● 2 ATP.
● 2 NADH.

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29
Q

What happens to the pyruvate if oxygen is present?

A

What happens to the pyruvate if oxygen is present?

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30
Q

What is pyruvate oxidized into?

A

Acetyl coA.

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31
Q

What is Acetyl coA used for?

A

Used to make citrate in the citric acid cycle.

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32
Q

What is produced in this stage?

A

● 2 CO2.
● 2 NADH.

33
Q

What is the citric acid cycle also known as?

A

The krebs cycle

34
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

35
Q

What does the citric acid cycle do?

A

Turns acetyl coA into citrate.

36
Q

What happens as a result as well?(citric acid cycle)

A

● CO2 is released.
● ATP synthesized.
● Electrons transferred to NADH and FADH2.

37
Q

What are the inputs in the citric acid cycle?

A

2 acetyl coA.

38
Q

What are the outputs in the citric acid cycle?

A

● 2 ATP.
● 6 NADH.
● 4 CO2.
● 2 FADH2.

39
Q

What does oxidation phosphorylation consist of?

A

● Electron transport chain.
● Chemiosmosis.

40
Q

What does the ETC consist of?

A

collection of proteins

41
Q

What happens to the etc proteins as the electrons “fall”?

A

Proteins alternate between reduced (accepts e-) and oxidized (donates e-)
state.

42
Q

What does the cristae do in the ETC?

A

Increases the surface area for the reactions to occur.

43
Q

The ETC DOESN’T do what?

A

Doesn’t produce ATP directly.

44
Q

What does ETC do instead?

A

Helps manage the release of energy by creating several small steps for “fall”
of electrons.

45
Q

Who is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen.

46
Q

What does each oxygen do?

A

Pairs with 2H+ and 2e- to form H2O.

47
Q

What is one major function of the ETC?

A

To create a photon (H+) gradient across the membrane.

48
Q

What happens as proteins shuttle electrons along the ETC?

A

● They also pump H+ into their inner membrane space.
● It uses the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2.

49
Q

What will this H+ gradient power?
How will it power cellular work?^^

A

● Chemiosmosis.
● By using hydrogen ions.

50
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

● The enzyme that makes ATP and ADP + P.

51
Q

Where does ATP synthase get its energy from?

A

The H+ gradient across the membrane.

52
Q

What do H+ ions do? (ATP synthase)
What does this activate?^^

A

● Flow down their gradient through ATP synthase.
● (ATP synthase acts as a rotor; when H+ binds, the rotor spins).

● Activates catalytic site to turn ADP + P into ATP.

53
Q

What is produced in chemiosmosis?

A

About 26-28 ATP per glucose.

54
Q

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose.

55
Q

What are the outputs of glycolysis?

A

● 2 pyruvates.
● 2 ATP
● 2 NADH.

56
Q

What are the inputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

● 2 pyruvate.

57
Q

What are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

● 2 acetyl coA
● 2 CO2
● 2 NADH.

58
Q

What are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?

A

● 2 acetyl coA.

59
Q

What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?

A

● 4 CO2.
● 2 ATP.
● 6 NADH.
● 2 FADH2.

60
Q

What are the inputs for oxidation phosphorylation?

A

10 NADH and 2 FADH2.

61
Q

What are the outputs for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

26-28 ATP.

62
Q

What is the TOTAL ATP produced?

A

30-32 ATP

63
Q

What does oxygen do in cellular respiration?

A

It drives electrons down the ETC because it is the final electron acceptor.

64
Q

How do organisms produce ATP in the absence of oxygen?

A

● Anaerobic respiration.
● Fermentation.

65
Q

What does anaerobic respiration do?

A

Generates ATP using an ETC in the absence of oxygen.

66
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

In prokaryotic organisms that live in environments with NO OXYGEN.

67
Q

Who are the final electron acceptors?

A

● Sulfates.
● Nitrates.

68
Q

What does fermentation do?

A

Generates ATP WITHOUT an ETC.

69
Q

What is fermentation?

A

An extension of glycolysis.

70
Q

What does fermentation do?

A

● Recycles NAD+.
● HAS NO OXYGEN.

71
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

In the cytosol.

72
Q

What are the 2 types of fermentation?

A

● Alcohol fermentation.
● Lactic acid fermentation.

73
Q

What happens in alcohol fermentation?

A

● Pyruvate is converted into ethanol.

74
Q

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

A

● Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate.

75
Q

What do muscles do?

A

Produce lactate, which goes into the blood, and is broken down back to
glucose in the liver.

76
Q

What happens when lactate is in the blood?

A

It lowers the pH.

77
Q

What happens if lactate builds up and is unable to be broken down?

A

It can lead to lactic acidosis.

78
Q

What is lactic acidosis?

A

Excessively low blood pH.

bio ap (3 decks)

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