AP Psychology Unit 7A Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

A

Memory

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2
Q

The processing of information into the memory system by extracting information

A

Encoding

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3
Q

The retention of encoded information over time

A

Storage

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4
Q

Process of getting information out of memory storage

A

Retrieval

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5
Q

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

A

Sensory Memory

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6
Q

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the 7 digits of a phone #, before the info is stored or forgotten

A

Short-term Memory

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7
Q

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

A

Long-term Memory

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8
Q

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and information retrieved from long-term memory

A

Working Memory

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9
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

A

Parallel Processing

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10
Q

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time frequency, and of well-learning information such as word meanings

A

Automatic Processing

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11
Q

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

Effortful Processing

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12
Q

The conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

A

Rehearsal

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13
Q

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

A

Spacing Effect

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14
Q

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

A

Serial Position Effect

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15
Q

The encoding of picture images

A

Visual Encoding

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16
Q

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

A

Acoustic Encoding

17
Q

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

A

Semantic Encoding

18
Q

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

A

Imagery

19
Q

Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organization

A

Mnemonics

20
Q

Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically

A

Chunking

21
Q

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

A

Iconic Memory

22
Q

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

A

Echoic Memory

23
Q

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

A

Long-term potentiation

24
Q

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

A

Flashbulb Memory

25
Q

The loss of memory

A

Amnesia

26
Q

Retention independent of conscious recollection

A

Implicit Memory

27
Q

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

A

Explicit Memory

28
Q

A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

A

Hippocampus

29
Q

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multiple choice test

A

Recognition

30
Q

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning a material for a second time

A

Relearning

31
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

32
Q

The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

A

Deja Vu

33
Q

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

A

Mood-congruent Memory

34
Q

The disruptive effect of something you have already learned on your efforts to learn or recall new information

A

Proactive Interference

35
Q

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

A

Retroactive Interference

36
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

A

Repression

37
Q

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

A

Misinformation effect

38
Q

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience, heard about, read about, or imagined. Along with the misinformation effect, it is at the heart of much false information

A

Source Amnesia