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AP Psych Unit 8 > AP Psych Unit 9 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Attribution Theory

A

the theory that we explain people’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition “That man is yelling because he’s a bad person

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2
Q

Dispositional Attributions

A

Internal Characteristics (Personal Traits) such as personality and intelligence

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3
Q

Situational Attributions

A

Environmental Factors

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4
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency for observers, for analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the
situation and to overestimate the impact of a person’s disposition “Because of the Fundamental Attribution Error I believe that the
man is yelling because he is a bad person, not because he’s under a lot of stress.”

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5
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

Tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

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6
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

We attribute causes of behavior to external causes if we fail & internal causes if we succeed. (I passed my test because I am smart or I failed my test, because my teacher doesn’t teach me well)

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7
Q

Just-World Phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get “Homeless people are lazy and don’t work so they deserve to be poor.”

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8
Q

False-consensus effect

A

when you believe that everyone else shares your opinions and attitudes

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9
Q

Confirmation bias

A

is the tendency to search for or put more value on information that confirms your beliefs, while disregarding opposing information

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10
Q

Halo effect

A

believe someone is good, you will interpret all of their actions as good, and fail to notice their bad traits

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11
Q

Self-schemas

A

They are made up of many categories such as but not at all limited to:
○ Gender - the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
○ Race - A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically
inherited characteristics
○ Ethnicity - Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common
heredity and cultural traditions
● Gender-being Male or female-males understand males and females understand or fit in with females.
● Race and ethnicity-difference in biological traits-different races relate to others of the same race
● While race is a social construct without a genetic reality, it is still a very powerful force both for good (pride in one’s group)
and for evil (systemic racism).

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12
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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13
Q

Mirror-Image Perception

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

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14
Q

Attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
“The student has a bad attitude towards his teacher so he doesn’t do his homework for that class.”

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15
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Attitude Change

A

People are more likely to carefully process persuasive messages when they are motivated and capable of considering all available information

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16
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers’ attractiveness “Ads for
makeup often uses peripheral route persuasion to get people to buy the product.”

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17
Q

Central Route to Persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts “Doctors often use central route persuasion when talking about medical treatments.”

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18
Q

Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

A

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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19
Q

Door in the face phenomenon

A

when someone starts with a large request that the other person would turn down, and then asking a more reasonable request that the person would accept.

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20
Q

Low-Ball Technique

A

pitching an attractive offer and then increasing the price with the sole aim of earning profit

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21
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. “Ms. Kong
hated Justin Bieber but likes one of his songs so she’s had to match her thoughts and likings.”
● Change their conflicting behavior to make it match their attitude
● Change their current conflicting cognition to justify their behavior
● Form new cognitions to justify their behavior

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22
Q

Solomon Asch

A

the Asch conformity experiments or the Asch paradigm were a series of studies directed by Solomon Asch studying if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority group and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions

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23
Q

Stanley Milgram (1963)

A

Designed one of the more famous experiments in the history of psychology on obedience. Measured the willingness to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscious

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24
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

American psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He became known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment, which was later severely criticised for both ethical and scientific reasons.

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25
Q

Social Influence

A

the ways people are affected by the real or imagined pressures of others

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26
Q

Chameleon Effect

A

Unconsciously mimicking others automatically without thought or effort

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27
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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28
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval to avoid disapproval. Example: You wear
army pants and flip flops to fit in with the popular kids

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29
Q

Informative Social Influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality. Example: you go to a football game for the first time and stand up, because everyone is standing up.

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30
Q

Obedience

A

Changing one’s behavior at the direct command of an authority figure

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31
Q

Milgram Experiment

A

His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger.

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32
Q

Milgram also found that obedience is highest when:

A

● The person giving the orders was close at hand and perceived to be an authority figure
● The authority figure is associated with a prestigious institution
● The victim is depersonalized and/or at a distance
● There are no role models for defiance

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33
Q

Role

A

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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34
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Demonstrates the powerful role that the situation can play in human behavior. When
randomly assigned to behave like prison guards or prisoners, subjects adopted that role to the point where guards became abusive to prisoners and prisoners planned a rebellion against the guards (even though subjects were allowed to opt out at any time). This emphasizes the power of role play

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35
Q

Group Think

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives “During debates, many people will agree to disagree to avoid conflict.”

36
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others “Because of social facilitation, I’m even better at doing this activity around others.”

37
Q

Social inhibition

A

The mere presence of others can impair performance on tasks that one is not particularly good at (e.g., a novice pool player will perform less well in front of a group).

38
Q

Social Loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable “A lot of kids in group projects will take part in social loafing if the group receives one big grade.”

39
Q

Deindividuation

A

he loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity “deindividuation is very common during sporting events.”

40
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when other
bystanders or witnesses are present.

41
Q

Group Polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group “Political rallies tend to
strengthen people’s views because of group polarization.”

42
Q

Bystander effect

A

the idea that people are less likely to help if others are around, because we assume that someone else will help instead

43
Q

Reciprocity Norms

A

The expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us.

44
Q

Social Norms

A

rules for accepted and expected behavior

45
Q

Social Dilemma

A

A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone

46
Q

Social Trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

47
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

is a paradox in decision analysis in which two individuals acting in their own self-interests do not produce the optimal outcome. The typical prisoner’s dilemma is set up in such a way that both parties choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other participant

48
Q

Conflict

A

is a disagreement of actions, goals, or ideas

49
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

shared goals that can only be achieved through cooperation

50
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions “Bush
said he’d kick Saddam’s ass so Saddam said he’d make us swim in our blood.”

51
Q

Ingroup

A

“Us” people with whom we share a common identity “The group that I associate with has blue eyes.”

52
Q

Outgroup

A

Them” those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup “The other group has brown eyes.”

53
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group “Blue eyed people are better.”

54
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

is the prejudicial belief that one’s culture is superior to all other cultures. People tend to justify their culture’s social
systems while judging others’ as “bad” or “wrong.”

55
Q

Prejudice

A

unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs,
negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

56
Q

Stereotype

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

57
Q

Segregation

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

58
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame “The Germans used the Jews as the reason

59
Q

Implicit bias

A

refers to attitudes and beliefs that occur outside of our conscious awareness and control

60
Q

Explicit biases

A

are biases we are aware of on a conscious level (for example, feeling threatened by another group and delivering hate
speech as a result), and are an example of system 2 thinking

61
Q

Other-race Effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

62
Q

Out-group homogeneity effect

A

s the perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members

63
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

Bringing members from different groups together will reduce prejudice (exposure) improve positive attitudes

64
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish concern for the welfare of others “Saving someone’s life despite having to risk your own.”

65
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

refers to any action that benefits other people

66
Q

The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

A

Psychological altruism does exist and is evoked by the empathic desire to help someone who is
suffering

67
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Our social behavior is an exchange process. The aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

68
Q

Social Responsibility

A

Largely learned, it is a norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us

69
Q

Aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

70
Q

Biological Basis for Aggression

A

Genetics, head injury, and testosterone

71
Q

Frustration-Aggression Principle

A

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger,
which can generate aggression “I didn’t win the soccer game so we started yelling at the other team.”

72
Q

Social Script

A

culturally provided mental files for how we act
● Modeling of aggressive behaviors from family, friends, tv, etc

73
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A

All of the forces that lead people to like each other, establish relationships, and in some cases, fall in love

74
Q

Proximity

A

The closer together people are physically, the more likely they are to form a relationship/friendship

75
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A

People tend to like those whom they find physically attractive

76
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

77
Q

Similarity

A

The more similar two people are in attitudes, background, and other traits, the more probable it is that they will like each other

78
Q

Passionate Love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

79
Q

Companionate Love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with
whom our lives are intertwine

80
Q

Equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

81
Q

Self-disclosure

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

82
Q

Matching hypothesis states

A

that people have a tendency to choose partners whose level of attractiveness they believe to be equal to their own

83
Q

Reciprocity of Liking

A

people have a very strong tendency to like people who like
them

84
Q

Sternberg’s Components of Love

A

proposes that love is composed of three distinct but interrelated components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment

85
Q

Consummate Love

A

The most complete and ideal form of love, combining intimacy, passion, and commitment

AP Psych Unit 8 (4 decks)

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