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AP Psych Unit 8 > AP Psych Unit 8 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

DSM-V

A

The APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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2
Q

A behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual

A

Reflects an underlying psychobiological dysfunction
The consequences of which are clinically significant distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) Must not be merely an expected response to [common stressors and losses (ex. the loss of a loved one) or a culturally sanctioned response to a particular event (ex. trance states in religious rituals)] Primarily a result of social deviance or conflicts with society

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3
Q

The DSM-5 classifies disorders by categories

A
  1. Depressive Disorders—extreme sadness and loss of interest
  2. Bipolar Disorders—depression and mania
  3. Anxiety Disorders—fear and worry
  4. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders—obsessions and compulsions
  5. Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
  6. Dissociative Disorders—amnesia
  7. Somatic Disorders - physical
  8. Eating Disorders
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4
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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5
Q

Dysfunctional

A

Interfering with the ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way

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6
Q

Distressful

A

The person and others feel pain and discomfort associated with his or her emotions, thoughts, or behaviors

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7
Q

Deviant

A

goes against the norm of behavior (may be abnormal in one culture, but normal in another)

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8
Q

Dangerous

A

cause harm to self or others

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9
Q

Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders

A

include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, and transfused with animal’s blood.

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10
Q

Medical Model

A

the concept that diseases, or psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured

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11
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach to Disorders

A

biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

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12
Q

Biological influences:

A

evolution, genes, brain structure, and chemistry

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13
Q

Psychological influences

A

stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memory

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14
Q

Socio-cultural influences

A

roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder

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15
Q

Insanity Plea

A

Legal (not psychiatric) determination of whether someone was aware enough of their own actions to be held responsible for their behavior. Mentally ill patients in certain circumstances can plead legally insane

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16
Q

McNaughton Rule

A

rule determining insanity, which asks whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing or whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing was wrong

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17
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

intersections between psychological practice and research and the judicial system

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18
Q

Confidentiality

A

professionals will not divulge the information they obtain from a client

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19
Q

Etiology

A

is the cause(s) of a psychological disorder

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20
Q

Behavioral

A

Strength - Uses theories of conditioning which have been proven to help in rewiring behavior.
Weakness - Has little to no focus on biological aspects.

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21
Q

Biological

A

Strength - Experiments are objective, providing concrete data.
Weakness - Has little to no focus on environment,
upbringing, etc.

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22
Q

Cognitive

A

Strength - Used to successfully rewire thoughts in clinical settings
Weakness - Extremely logical and rarely accounts for emotional responses

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23
Q

Evolutionary

A

Strength - Can compare humans throughout different evolutionary stages
Weakness - More selectively used on animals than humans

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24
Q

Humanistic

A

Strength - Methods are adaptable to various types of people.
Weakness - Little objectivity is used.

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25
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Strength - Uses concepts from both nature and nurture arguments.
Weakness - Theories cannot be proven.

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26
Q

Sociocultural

A

Strength - Observations are most commonly made in real-world situations
Weakness - Variables are challenging to control

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27
Q

Positives of diagnostic labels

A

Treatment for the disorders and research

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28
Q

Negatives of diagnostic labels

A

Self-fulfilling prophecies and causing others around them to treat and perceive them based on stereotypical beliefs

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29
Q

Stigma

A

the societal disapproval and judgment of a person with mental illness because they do not fit their community’s social norms

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30
Q

The Rosenhan Study

A

-7 people were diagnosed with schizophrenia and 1 with bipolar disorder, which shows that they didn’t know how to differentiate normal behavior from symptoms of mental illnesses.
-Rosenhan shows the diagnostic system was unreliable. They were more likely to diagnose a healthy person as sick than they were to diagnose a sick person as healthy.

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31
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Groups of disabilities in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood & aect the individual’s behavior, memory, concentration and/or ability to learn

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32
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

characterized by atypical behaviors, speech, interests, thought patterns, & interpersonal interactions. People with ASD have a difficult time interpreting social cues and may prefer routine over spontaneity

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33
Q

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

Disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both

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34
Q

Intellectual disability (ID)

A

Is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for
day-to-day living. Low IQ score of 70 or below. Have limitations in learning, solving problems, communicating, and lack many skills
needed for everyday life.

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35
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders

A

Group of disorders in which the primary problem is in cognitive function, impairments in cognitive abilities such as memory, problem solving, and perception

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36
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A fatal generative disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. Symptoms include short-term memory loss, headaches, diculty walking and driving, and an inability to focus

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37
Q

Delirium

A

A rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention, and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner

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38
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorates as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormality. Schizophrenia is an example of psychosis, in which a person
loses complete contact with reality and experiences false sensations

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39
Q

Psychosis

A

A syndrome of neurocognitive symptoms that impairs cognitive capacity leading to deficits of perception, functioning, and social relatedness

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40
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

involve behavioral access or peculiarities like hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and nonsensical speech, and bizarre behaviors

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41
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

involve absence of health behaviors like flat aect, social withdrawal, alogia, cataonia, and avolition

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42
Q

Hallucination

A

Perceiving a sensory stimuli that no one else is able to perceive, vividly real to the person experiencing it, content is usually negative (hearing voices, tasting, seeing, feeling, or smelling things that are not there)

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43
Q

Delusion

A

fixed false beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence

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44
Q

Delusions of reference

A

Believing that hidden messages are being sent to you via newspaper, TV, radio, or magazines

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45
Q

Delusion of persecution

A

When you’re convinced that someone is mistreating, conspiring against, or planning to harm you or your loved one.

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46
Q

Disorganized Speech/Thinking:

A

might quickly jump from one unrelated topic to another, engage in incoherent “word salad,” repeat things another person says back to them, or appear to be speaking with nonexistent entities

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47
Q

Catatonia

A

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing

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48
Q

Flat Affect

A

motionless state (unchanging facial expression, decreased spontaneous movements, a lack of expressive gestures, poor eye contact, lack of vocal inflections, and slowed speech)

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49
Q

Avolition

A

Apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

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50
Q

Alogia

A

involves a disruption in the thought process that leads to a lack of speech and issues with verbal fluency

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51
Q

Brain Abnormalities with Schizophrenia

A

● Genetic link - if your identical twin has schizophrenia you have a 50% chance of getting it
● High level of dopamine associated with schizophrenia
● Poor coordination of neural firing in the frontal lobes impairs judgment and self-control.
● The thalamus fires during hallucinations as if real sensations were being received

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52
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

People inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases their risk of schizophrenia; exposure to stress may put one at higher risk of developing schizophrenia

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53
Q

Mood disorders

A

are characterized by unusual and disruptive changes in mood, manifesting in depression, mania, or both
● Suicide and self-harm high with mood disorders

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54
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and
problems in making decisions for a minimum of 2 weeks (symptoms include loss of appetite, sleeping problems, low energy and self-esteem, loss of focus, and hopelessness)

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55
Q

Seasonal Affectiveness Disorder (SAD)

A

A mood disorder characterized by depression that occurs at the same time every year.
Seasonal affective disorder occurs in climates where there is less sunlight at certain times of the year. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, hopelessness, and social withdrawal

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56
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania. Rapid cycling is usually short periods of mania followed almost immediately by deep pression, usually for longer duration

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57
Q

Mania

A

euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, with: exaggerated optimism, hyper-sociality and sexuality, delight in everything, impulsivity and overactivity, racing thoughts; the mind won’t settle down, and little desire for sleep

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58
Q

Brain Abnormalities with Depression and Bipolar disorder

A

● Diminished brain activity with depression, while increased brain activity with mania
● Smaller frontal lobes in depression and fewer axons in bipolar disorder
● more norepinephrine (arousing) in mania, less in depression
● reduced serotonin in depression

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59
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective of Mood Disorders

A

Low self-esteem

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60
Q

Rumination

A

overthinking about our problems and their causes,
learned helplessness, and depressive explanatory style

61
Q

Explanatory Styles with Rumination

A

● “It’s going to last forever” is what someone with a stable explanatory style may say.
● “It’s going to affect everything I do” is what someone with a global explanatory style may say.
● “It’s all my fault” is what someone with an internal explanatory style may say

62
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
● Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorder in the United States

63
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A
  • Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything
    ● Symptoms include uncontrollable and ongoing anxiety and worry, The symptoms include at least three of the following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
64
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Experience of terror and physical symptoms (chest pains, choking) in unpredictable situations. Attacks of intense anxiety along with severe chest pain, tightness of muscles, choking, sweating, other acute symptoms during

65
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Characterized by pattern of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors

66
Q

Obsessions

A

Persistent thoughts, ideas, images, or impulses that invade consciousness (concern with dirt, germs, and toxins -something bad happening 24/7 -symmetry, order, exactness)

67
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive and rigid behaviors or thoughts that people must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety (excessive hand-washing and bathing -repeating rituals -checking doors, locks, and homework multiple times

68
Q

Phobic Disorder

A

Occurs when a phobia - an irrational fear of an object or situation - becomes so disruptive that it interferes with
normal functioning. Most people have some form of phobia, but it does not interfere with their lives to a large degree. There can be
phobias of animals, heights, bugs, storms, enclosed space, or the outdoors.

69
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. Fear of being visibly nervous in front of others. Extreme anticipatory anxiety about social interactions and performance situations, such as speaking to a group. Fear of eating in public

70
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur

71
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy
anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. Victims re-experience the traumatic event in nightmares about the event, or flashbacks in which they relieve the event

72
Q

Posttraumatic growth

A

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

73
Q

Development of Anxiety Disorders

A

● Behavioral perspective is through
classical conditioning (Little Albert Study) and
operant conditioning (example: once
phobias develop, reinforcement makes it hard to get rid of them. If we continue to run away from our fears, we are
reinforcing our fears. It becomes a cycle that is hard to get out of.
● Social-Cognitive is through observational learning - we learn our anxiety through watching others
● Cognitive perspective explains anxiety by focusing on worried thoughts, as well as interpretations, appraisals, beliefs,
predictions, and ruminations.
● Evolutionary psychologists believe that ancestors prone to fear of certain things (heigh, spiders, etc) were less likely to die
before reproducing.
● Biological - People with anxiety have problems with a gene associated with levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved
in regulating sleep and mood. People with anxiety also have a gene that triggers high levels of glutamate, an excitatory
neurotransmitter involved in the brain’s alarm centers

74
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

Defined as a disruption causing inconsistencies in consciousness. A person may have memory loss or a complete change in identity.
● Caused by a traumatic or stressful event (a way to deal with the stress of the event)

75
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder

76
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember

77
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Dissociative fugue (formerly called psychogenic fugue) is a psychological state in which a person loses awareness of their identity or other important autobiographical information and also engages in some form of unexpected TRAVELING

78
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

79
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found (example: unexplained paralysis and blindness)

80
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

81
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight

82
Q

Body dysmorphia

A

increasing cognitive misperception of being overweight despite evidence to the contrary

83
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting.

84
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

85
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social
functioning.
● Cluster A - the “odd, eccentric” cluster
● Cluster B - the “dramatic, emotional, erratic” cluster
● Cluster C- (the “anxious, fearful” cluster

86
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) Cluster A

A

Irrational fear, inability to trust others, often thinks in worst case scenario situations

87
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder Cluster A

A

Detachment from emotions and relationships, little to no interest in any social interaction

88
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Cluster A

A

Eccentric and/or erratic thought, behavioral, and speech patterns, delusions may be present

89
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Cluster B

A

Lack of empathy, patterns of manipulation for selfish benefits, little to no remorse; exhibiting a lack of conscience for doing something wrong

90
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Cluster B

A

Extreme emotional swings and perceptions of the world, black and white thinking, impulsive behavior

91
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) Cluster B

A

Dramatic and impulsive behaviors, obsessive need to be the center of attention, people-pleasing

92
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Cluster B

A

Grandiose delusions, manipulation, perfectionism, defensive and upset if criticized

93
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD) Cluster C

A

Low self-esteem, avoidance of social interactions, afraid of rejection and criticism

94
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) Cluster C

A

Abandonment issues, anxiety when alone, afraid of rejection and criticism

95
Q

Obsessive-compulsive Personality
Disorder (OCPD) Cluster C

A

Obsessions and compulsions regarding perfectionism, unable to notice any problems present

96
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological diculties or achieve personal growth
● Correcting thought patterns that are psychologically damaging, conditioning proper emotional responses to various
situation, teaching proportionate and healthy responses, and coping with various conditions and symptoms

97
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

98
Q

Eclectic Therapy

A

an approach to psychotherapy, that depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

99
Q

Psychologist

A

can’t prescribe meds, supports people through psychotherapy

100
Q

Psychiatrist

A

can prescribe meds, identify disorders, generally works inside hospitals

101
Q

Aaron Beck

A

is known for youth inventory, anxiety inventory, Beck Scales-depression inventory, the hopelessness scale, and cognitive
therapy. He sought to change a patient’s beliefs about themselves and their lives

102
Q

Albert Ellis

A

is known for Rational-Emotive Therapy and he believed that problems come from irrational thinking.

103
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

is known for his subfield of psychoanalysis and research in consciousness, defense mechanisms, repression, and
negotiation through id/ego/superego. He tries to bring unconscious thoughts into awareness during therapy, point out resistance in the mind, and transfer your feelings

104
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

came up with an exposure therapy called systematic desensitization. She is a behavioral psychologist and aimed to treat phobias by exposing the stimuli in a present context. She introduced the idea of systematic desensitization

105
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Is a humanistic psychologist and he believed in client-centered therapy The therapist would use an unconditional positive regard and provide an accepting, genuine, and an empathic environment for the patient to express their feelings and overcome disorders

106
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

is known for operant conditioning, reinforcement schedules, and the Skinner box. He believed in behavior modification
therapy which uses learning principles to eliminate unwanted thoughts and fears.

107
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

108
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self insight

109
Q

Resistance

A

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

110
Q

Interpretation

A

In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

111
Q

Transference

A

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

112
Q

Insight Therapies

A

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

113
Q

Humanistic Therapy

A

Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

114
Q

Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)

A

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. Nondirective therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights

115
Q

Active Listening

A

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and
clarifies.

116
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude

117
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviors

118
Q

Counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning
to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

119
Q

Exposure Therapies

A

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people
to the things they fear or avoid

120
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant,
relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used
to treat phobias (see chart to the right)

121
Q

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

A

and anxiety treatment that progressively exposes
people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying,
spiders, or public speaking

122
Q

Aversion Conditioning

A

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

123
Q

Token Economy

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

124
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

a popular integrative therapy that combines
cognitive therapy with behavior therapy. Based on the idea that how we think
(cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together
(picture to the left)

125
Q

Sociocultural psychology

A

Contextualizes personal development within societal
expectations and norms. The psychology of an individual is heavily shaped by
those factors, as well as interactions between other people and cultures

126
Q

Behavioral

A

any disorders that lead to abnormalities in behavioral patterns or patients with a history of trauma.

127
Q

Cognitive

A

disorders where cognition behind thoughts and behaviors is affected or people who cannot rationally
problem solve.

128
Q

Humanistic

A

interpersonal problems, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or personality disorders.

129
Q

Psychodynamic

A

people with a history of unresolved trauma

130
Q

Sociocultural

A

a broad range of disorders throughout a variety of different cultures

131
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to
overcome the client’s problem

132
Q

Resilience

A

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
● Preventive mental health programs are based on the idea that many psychological disorders can be prevented by changing
oppressive, esteem-destroying environments into more benevolent, nurturing environments that foster growth,
self-confidence, and resilience
● Instead of viewing behaviors as psychological disorders, they could be interpreted as understandable responses to a
disturbing and stressful society. They could change society in order to prevent the problem rather than waiting for the
problem to arise and then treating it

133
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

134
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

Based on the premise that the symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors, involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
● Psychotropic drug used in conjunction with psychotherapy is more effective in treating psychological disorders than a drug alone

135
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder (Prolixin)

136
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

common side effect of antipsychotic drugs that involves involuntary movement in the lower face

137
Q

Antianxiety Drugs

A

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (Xanax)

138
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD (Prozac)
● Most antidepressants are SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SNRIs, which are selective norepinephrine
reuptake inhibitors.

139
Q

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

A

Designed to treat the combination of manic episodes and depression characteristic of bipolar disorder
because they reduce dramatic mood swings (Lithium)

140
Q

Stimulants

A

Stimulate the central nervous system, stop the absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine and allow the brain toexperience more stimulation (Adderall)

141
Q

Antipsychotic
Drugs

A

Antagonists: They block
dopamine receptor sites.

142
Q

Antianxiety
Drugs

A

Xanax, Ativan, D-cycloserine. Depress nervous system
activity; some facilitate
the extinction of learned
fears.

143
Q

Antidepressant
drugs

A

Fluoxetine (Prozac), Zoloft, Paxil. Agonists: They increase
the availability of neuro-
transmitters such as
norepinephrine or
serotonin, and block the
reabsorption and
removal of serotonin
from synapses.

144
Q

Mood
Stabilizer

A

Lithium, Depakote. Acts as a mood
stabilizer; we do not
fully understand why

145
Q

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT

A

cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational
beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements

146
Q

Group Therapy

A

In a small group, usually around 6 to 12, persons with similar problems come together under the direction or
facilitation of a trained therapist or counselor to discuss their psychological issues

147
Q

Self-Help Groups

A

Facilitator organizes meetings, but there is an absence of a trained psychotherapist directing the process of the group

148
Q

Couples/Family Therapy

A

Trained professionals can direct spouses and family members to openly discuss their individual
perspectives on the same issue

AP Psych Unit 8 (4 decks)

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