AP PSYCH- UNIT 4 conditioning Flashcards
associative learning
a learning mode in which ideas and experiences are mentally linked and thereby reinforce each other
behavioral perspective
the approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study
behaviorism
the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
behaviorists
people who study only observable behavior in psychology
classical conditioning
a type of learning that links a neutral stimulus to another stimulus that elicits a natural or involuntary response in a given organism
environmental determinism
the idea that our environment shapes every aspect of who we are. it allows us to understand the world in a way that makes the world controllable and suggests that we can change who people become by manipulating the circumstances in which they develop
instrumental conditioning
aka operant conditioning
law of effect
states that any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, while any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be reduced or stopped
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is modified by subsequent consequences
acquisition
the formation of a learned association
conditioned response
behavior that is considered a reflex or autonomic response, now paired with a conditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus that becomes part of a new stimulus-response association
consequences
a result or effect of an action or condition.
contiguity
the closeness in time between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
extinction
a process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus by presenting the conditioned stimulus repeatedly without pairing it without the unconditioned stimulus
garcia effect
aka taste aversion
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that evokes no special response except to call attention to it
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
a response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned
stimulus generalization
a response to another stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
stimulus-response learning
the learning of an association between a stimulus and a response, with the result that the stimulus comes to elicit the response directly
taste aversion
a unique conditioned aversion that is accomplished rapidly by a single pairing of an illness or symptoms such as nausea with eating a specific food, even though the specific food is not the actual cause
unconditioned response
behavior that is a reflex or autonomic response
unconditioned stimulus
any stimulus that elicits an autonomic/automatic/reflexive response in an organism
avoidance behavior
a behavior that prevents an aversive event by emitting target behaviors early
avoidance conditioning
similar to escape conditioning but includes a conditioned stimulus and is preventive in nature
chaining
in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action
continuous reinforcement
occurs when every instance of a desired behavior that occurs is reinforced
escape conditioning
operant conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to perform an operation to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus
fixed interval schedule
provides reinforcement for the first behavior after a fixed period of time
