AP Module 1.2 Flashcards
Superior (cranial)
Superior (cranial) - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)
Inferior (caudal)
Inferior (caudal) - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)
Ventral (anterior)
Ventral (anterior) - toward or at the front of the body (in front of)
Dorsal
toward or at the back of the body (behind)
Medial
Medial - toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)
Lateral
away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)
Proximal -
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
Distal -
farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
- toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface (more internal)
Flexion -
Flexion - closing of a joint, “bending”
Abduction
movement away from midline
Adduction -
movement towards midline
Dorsiflexion -
flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)
Plantarflexion -
flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)
Radial Deviation -
lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius
Ulnar Deviation -
medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna
Pronation
Pronation - rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally
Supination -
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially
Note: Hands are supinated in anatomical position.
Elevation
upward movement of a structure
Depression
downward movement of a structure
Retraction -
movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Protraction -
movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
Anatomical position
Anatomical position is the reference point of a standard body position (Figure 1.26). In the anatomical position, the body is vertical with feet slightly apart. It looks like someone who is standing at attention. The palms of the hands face forward (in supination), and the thumbs point away from the body. The palms face forward in anatomical position so that the bones in the forearm (radius and ulna) are uncrossed
The appendicular
The appendicular part (Figure 1.28) of the body consists of the appendages or limbs that are attached to axis of the body as well as the pelvic and pectoral (shoulder) girdles that serve as a point of attachment.
sagittal plane
sagittal plane results in a sagittal section. A sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections. A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is known as the median plane or midsagittal plane.
Frontal planes
Frontal planes lie vertically. Frontal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior sections. A frontal plane is also called a coronal plane.
A transverse plane
A transverse plane is known as a horizontal plane. It runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts. A transverse section of the body is called a cross section.
Oblique sections
are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.
The dorsal cavity
The dorsal cavity primarily protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile. Within the dorsal cavity are the cranial and spinal cavities.
The cranial cavity
The cranial cavity sits in the skull and houses the brain.
The vertebral or spinal cavity
The vertebral or spinal cavity runs within the bony vertebral column and encases the spinal cord.
The ventral body cavity
The ventral body cavity is anterior and the larger of the two cavities. Within the ventral cavity are the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The ventral cavity houses the visceral organs.
The thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity is protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest (Figure 1.32). The thoracic cavity is further divided into the lateral pleural cavities, which each contain a lung, and the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart. The pericardial cavity is located in the mediastinum which is a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities. The mediastinum also includes other structures, such as the esophagus and the trachea.
The thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle that is vital to the breathing mechanism
The abdominopelvic cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. The superior portion is the abdominal cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver.
The pelvic cavity
The pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum. The organs of the abdominal cavity are very vulnerable to injury because the walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by the muscles in the trunk of the body. There is no bone for protection. The bony pelvis provides more protection for the pelvic organs.
