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A&P > AP Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

AP Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal stimulation

A

Gland cells release its hormone when another hormone binds to it
Example anterior pituitary releases TSH into thyroid releasing TH releasing T3 and T4

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2
Q

Humoral stimulation

A

Gland cells release hormones when certain changes in levels in blood
Example blood glucose goes up pancreas releases insulin to decrease blood glucose

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3
Q

Nervous stimulation

A

Gland cells release its hormone when a neuron stimulates it
Example sensory detects hot object automatically moves as an impulse.

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4
Q

Terminal ganglia

A

In parasympathetic division
Located close to effector

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5
Q

Intramural ganglia

A

In parasympathetic division
Located within wall of target organ

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6
Q

Alpha 1 receptors

A

Simulate
Adrenegic Receptors found in smooth muscle, glands, and organs causing vasoconstriction

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7
Q

Alpha 2 receptors

A

Adrenergic receptors
Inhibit
Located in presynaptic terminals, it stops signal through negative feedback

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8
Q

Beta 1 receptors

A

Adrenergic and response to EPI n NE
Located in
Heart increase hr and force
Kidneys stimulates renin secretion

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9
Q

Beta 2 receptors

A

Adrenegic receptor:
Inhibits
causes relaxation of
Smooth muscle, organs, and glands

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10
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Involuntary controls cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
Cell body for lower motor neurons is in lateral gray horn
Autonomic ganglion
2 lower motor neurons

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11
Q

Autonomic tone

A

Innervated by both divisions of ANS continuously release of ACh and NE to create balance in resting heart rate
Only one controls the status
Only sympathetic touches blood vessels

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12
Q

Dual innervation

A

Organs receive input from both divisions may have antagonist or cooperative effects

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13
Q

Antagonist effects

A

When both divisions oppose each other

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14
Q

Cooperative effects

A

When both divisions work together
(P) - Penis erection -vasodilation
(S) - ejaculation

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15
Q

4 hormones not under the control of the hypothalamus

A

Insulin -lowers glucose when high levels detected by liver
Glucagon increases glucose when low glucose is detected by the liver
PTH- releases when low calcium detected released by parathyroid
Calcitonin - released when high calcium is detected released by parathyroid

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16
Q

2 classes of hormones

A

Steroids- lipid soluble needs carrier protein
Biogenic amines water soluble travel freely in blood
TH - thyroid hormone is a lipid soluble but in Biogenic

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17
Q

TRH

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH to anterior pituitary that releases TSH to thyroid gland to release TH to release T3 & T4

18
Q

GnRH

A

Releases FSH & LH to reproductive organs testies and ovaries release estrogen and testosterone

19
Q

CRH

A

Release ACTH to adrenal gland
Medulla releases EPI & NE
Cortex releases cortisol

20
Q

GHRH

A

Release GH to the liver to release IGF + GH to bone ,muscle, and other tissues

21
Q

Follicular cells

A

Produce and releases TH thyroid hormone

22
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Make calcitonin hormone that decrease blood calcium levels

23
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive production of TH
Increases metabolic rate,weight loss,hyperactivity

24
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased production of TH
Low metabolic rate,low energy, always cold , weight gain
Caused by low iodine intake
Treated with thyroid hormone replacement

25
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy

26
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of fats into glucose for energy
generated ATP for growth

27
Q

Lipolysis

A

Generated ATP for growth

28
Q

Oxytocin effects

A

Uterine contraction, milk ejaculations, emotional bonding

29
Q

ADH effects

A

Vasopression
Decrease urine production, stimulates Thirst and constricts blood vessels

30
Q

Zona glumerosa

A

Secretes Aldosterone puts salt into blood - water follows salt -
Increasing blood pressure and blood volume

31
Q

Zona Facsciculata

A

Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar with cortisol

32
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Releases Androgen
Male sex hormones
Females androgen converts into estrogen

33
Q

Follicular cells of thyroid gland

A

Makes and release TH

34
Q

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

A

Make Calcitonin hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

35
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive production of TH
Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance
Loss of feed back control
Treated by removing the thyroid
and given hormone supplements

36
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decrease production of TH
Low metabolic rate, low energy, cold intolerance, and weight gain
Caused by decreased iodine intake loss of pituitary stimulation of thyroid
Immune destruction
Treated with thyroid hormone replacement

37
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of thyroid due to insufficient dietary iodine
Lack to iodine prevents thyroid from producing TH

38
Q

2 classes of hormones

A

Lipid soluble hormones
Water soluble hormones

39
Q

Lipid soluble

A

Steroids
Diffuse across target cell membrane
Lipophilic
Receptors in nucleus

40
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Biogenic amines
Use membrane receptors
Travels freely in blood

A&P (4 decks)

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