AP Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
Hormonal stimulation
Gland cells release its hormone when another hormone binds to it
Example anterior pituitary releases TSH into thyroid releasing TH releasing T3 and T4
Humoral stimulation
Gland cells release hormones when certain changes in levels in blood
Example blood glucose goes up pancreas releases insulin to decrease blood glucose
Nervous stimulation
Gland cells release its hormone when a neuron stimulates it
Example sensory detects hot object automatically moves as an impulse.
Terminal ganglia
In parasympathetic division
Located close to effector
Intramural ganglia
In parasympathetic division
Located within wall of target organ
Alpha 1 receptors
Simulate
Adrenegic Receptors found in smooth muscle, glands, and organs causing vasoconstriction
Alpha 2 receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Inhibit
Located in presynaptic terminals, it stops signal through negative feedback
Beta 1 receptors
Adrenergic and response to EPI n NE
Located in
Heart increase hr and force
Kidneys stimulates renin secretion
Beta 2 receptors
Adrenegic receptor:
Inhibits
causes relaxation of
Smooth muscle, organs, and glands
Autonomic NS
Involuntary controls cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
Cell body for lower motor neurons is in lateral gray horn
Autonomic ganglion
2 lower motor neurons
Autonomic tone
Innervated by both divisions of ANS continuously release of ACh and NE to create balance in resting heart rate
Only one controls the status
Only sympathetic touches blood vessels
Dual innervation
Organs receive input from both divisions may have antagonist or cooperative effects
Antagonist effects
When both divisions oppose each other
Cooperative effects
When both divisions work together
(P) - Penis erection -vasodilation
(S) - ejaculation
4 hormones not under the control of the hypothalamus
Insulin -lowers glucose when high levels detected by liver
Glucagon increases glucose when low glucose is detected by the liver
PTH- releases when low calcium detected released by parathyroid
Calcitonin - released when high calcium is detected released by parathyroid
2 classes of hormones
Steroids- lipid soluble needs carrier protein
Biogenic amines water soluble travel freely in blood
TH - thyroid hormone is a lipid soluble but in Biogenic
TRH
Hypothalamus releases TRH to anterior pituitary that releases TSH to thyroid gland to release TH to release T3 & T4
GnRH
Releases FSH & LH to reproductive organs testies and ovaries release estrogen and testosterone
CRH
Release ACTH to adrenal gland
Medulla releases EPI & NE
Cortex releases cortisol
GHRH
Release GH to the liver to release IGF + GH to bone ,muscle, and other tissues
Follicular cells
Produce and releases TH thyroid hormone
Parafollicular cells
Make calcitonin hormone that decrease blood calcium levels
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive production of TH
Increases metabolic rate,weight loss,hyperactivity
Hypothyroidism
Decreased production of TH
Low metabolic rate,low energy, always cold , weight gain
Caused by low iodine intake
Treated with thyroid hormone replacement
Glycogenolysis
process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy
Lipolysis
Breakdown of fats into glucose for energy
generated ATP for growth
Lipolysis
Generated ATP for growth
Oxytocin effects
Uterine contraction, milk ejaculations, emotional bonding
ADH effects
Vasopression
Decrease urine production, stimulates Thirst and constricts blood vessels
Zona glumerosa
Secretes Aldosterone puts salt into blood - water follows salt -
Increasing blood pressure and blood volume
Zona Facsciculata
Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar with cortisol
Zona Reticularis
Releases Androgen
Male sex hormones
Females androgen converts into estrogen
Follicular cells of thyroid gland
Makes and release TH
Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
Make Calcitonin hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive production of TH
Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance
Loss of feed back control
Treated by removing the thyroid
and given hormone supplements
Hypothyroidism
Decrease production of TH
Low metabolic rate, low energy, cold intolerance, and weight gain
Caused by decreased iodine intake loss of pituitary stimulation of thyroid
Immune destruction
Treated with thyroid hormone replacement
Goiter
Enlargement of thyroid due to insufficient dietary iodine
Lack to iodine prevents thyroid from producing TH
2 classes of hormones
Lipid soluble hormones
Water soluble hormones
Lipid soluble
Steroids
Diffuse across target cell membrane
Lipophilic
Receptors in nucleus
Water soluble hormones
Biogenic amines
Use membrane receptors
Travels freely in blood
