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AP Lang > AP Lang Rhetorical Handbook Full > Flashcards

AP Lang Rhetorical Handbook Full Flashcards

1
Q

allusion

A

indirect or passing reference to some event, person, place, or artistic work, the nature and relevance of which is not explained but relies on the reader’s familiarity with what is thus mentioned

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2
Q

ambiguity

A

something of doubtful meaning; an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context, may have more than one meaning

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3
Q

anachronism

A

representation of someone as existing or something as happening in other than chronological, proper, or historical order

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4
Q

aphorism

A

brief statement which expresses an observation on life, usually intended as a wise observation

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5
Q

invective

A

abuse (tongue-lashing, diatribe, condemnation)

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6
Q

juxtaposition

A

placing two things side by side, usually to show contrast

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7
Q

malapropism

A

an incorrect usage of a ward, usually with comic effect

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8
Q

rhetorical question

A

a question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it

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9
Q

sensory detail

A

an item used to appeal to the sense (sight, taste, touch, etc)

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10
Q

shift

A

general term in linguistics for any slight alteration in a word’s meaning, or the creation of an entirely new word by changing the use of an expression

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11
Q

tone

A

writer’s attitude toward his reader and his subject; his mood or moral view; formal, informal, playful, ironic, optimistic, pessimistic

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12
Q

point of view

A

way the events of a story are conveyed to the reader; “vantage point” from which the narrative is passed from author to the reader; first-person, omniscient, limited

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13
Q

theme-thesis

A

message conveyed by a literary work

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14
Q

voice

A

textual feature, such as diction and sentence structure, that convey a writer’s or speaker’s persona

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15
Q

ad hominem argument

A

an attack on another person instead of their point of view

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16
Q

begging the question

A

situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept

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17
Q

doubtful authority

A

the authority os not an expert, their colleagues disagree, or the reference to the authority is out of context of the situation

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18
Q

either/or reasoning

A

argument that something complex can be looked at in only two different ways

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19
Q

false analogy

A

comparing two things that are irrelevant, do not pose a valid comparison

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20
Q

hasty generalization

A

not enough support for the inductive reasoning used

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21
Q

circular argument

A

restates the argument rather than actually proving it

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22
Q

slippery slope

A

conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually, through a series of small steps, B, C,…, X, Y, Z will happen too, basically equating A and Z; so if we don;t want Z to occur A must not occur

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23
Q

non-sequitur

A

conclusion that had no visible connection to the support for the claim

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24
Q

oversimplification

A

reducing an idea too much so it loses the point trying to be made

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25
Q

expository

A

informs, instructs or presents ideas and general truths

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26
Q

classification

A

expository; identifies the subject as part of a larger group with shared features

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27
Q

cause and effect

A

expository; arguing from the presence/absence of the cause to the (non) existence of the result

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28
Q

compare/contrast

A

expository; the subject is shown more clearly by pointing out similarities or differences

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29
Q

definition

A

expository; places the subject in a group and then differentiates the subject from other sections of the group

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30
Q

analysis

A

expository; discussion of a subject based on content and style

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31
Q

description

A

depicts images verbally in space and time arranges those images in a logical pattern

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32
Q

narration

A

organizes the events or actions in time or relates them in space; tells what happened, when it happened, and where it happened

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33
Q

persuasion/argument

A

convinces an audience by proving or refuting a point of view using induction or deduction

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34
Q

ethos

A

ethical; rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer’s credibility

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35
Q

pathos

A

emotion; emotional appeal to an audience in an argument

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36
Q

logos

A

rational; rhetorical appeals based on logic or reasoning

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37
Q

deductive reasoning

A

reasoning that utilizes elements of persuasion by asserting a claim; consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

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38
Q

inductive reasoning

A

reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle

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39
Q

evidence/data

A

support from a claim/assertion

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40
Q

warrant

A

assumption that there is a connection between evidence and claim

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41
Q

pedantic

A

characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules

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42
Q

simple

A

(of writing style) pure, easy, plain, basic

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43
Q

monosyllabic

A

one syllable

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44
Q

polysyllabic

A

more than one syllable

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45
Q

euphonious

A

pleasing or agreeable to the ear

46
Q

cacophonic

A

discordant, unpleasant sounding, jarring

47
Q

didactic

A

intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive

48
Q

literal

A

what you see

49
Q

figurative

A

what you get from language, tone, symbol, etc.

50
Q

active

A

subject of the sentence is performing or causing the action rather than a state of being

51
Q

passive

A

subject is the object of the action or the effect of the verb

52
Q

colloquial

A

informal, conversational

53
Q

formal

A

proper language

54
Q

non-standard-slang

A

not adhering to the standard, usually associated with a language variety used by uneducated speakers

55
Q

jargon

A

not adhering to the standard, usually associated with a language variety used by socially disfavored speakers

56
Q

alliteration

A

the recurrence of initial consonant sounds; usually limited to two words

57
Q

onomatopoeia

A

the use of words which in their pronunciation suggest their meaning; ex. hiss

58
Q

analogy

A

comparison of two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one

59
Q

apostrophe

A

The direct address of a person, either present or absent; used in prose to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back

60
Q

cliché

A

an expression so often used that its original power has been drained away

61
Q

conceit

A

an elaborate, usually intellectually ingenious poetic comparison or image, such as an analogy or metaphor in which, say a beloved is compared to a ship, planet, etc

62
Q

epithet

A

adjective or adjective phrases appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject

63
Q

euphemism

A

expression of an unpleasant or embarrassing notion by a more inoffensive substitute

64
Q

hyperbole

A

exaggeration used for emphasis; used to heighten effect, catalyze recognition, or create a humorous perception

65
Q

imagery

A

collection of images with a literary work; used to evoke atmosphere, mood, tension

66
Q

verbal irony

A

contrast between the literal meaning of what os said and what is meant

67
Q

situational irony

A

result of an action is the reverse of what the author expected

68
Q

extended metaphor

A

metaphor which is drawn-out beyond the usual word or phrase to extend throughout a stanza or an entire poem, usually by using multiple comparisons between the unlike objects or ideas

69
Q

metonymy

A

form of metaphor; similar to synecdoche, in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared

70
Q

oxymoron

A

paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun or adverb-adjective relationship; used for effect, to emphasis contrasts, incongruities, hypocrisy, or simply the complex nature of reality

71
Q

paradox

A

statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless

72
Q

synaesthesia

A

(same as the medical condition) descriptions of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another

73
Q

understatement

A

expressing an idea with less emphasis or in a lesser degree than is the actual case; employed for ironic emphasis

74
Q

order: basic

A

subject + verb + object

75
Q

order: interrupted

A

a sentence that is interrupted by a parenthetical aside

76
Q

order: inverted

A

begins with a part of the sentence than the subject; used to delay revealing what the sentence is about, to create tension or suspense, and to connect ideas between sentences more clearly

77
Q

order: listing

A

a sentence with multiple phrases that create a list

78
Q

order: cumulative/loose

A

begins with subject and verb and adds modifying elements at end

79
Q

order: periodic

A

opens with modifiers, withholds subject and verb until the end

80
Q

order: parallelism- antithesis

A

established a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure

81
Q

order: parallelism- chiasmus

A

a crossing parallelism, where the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order

82
Q

order: parallelism- balanced

A

expressing parallel or like ideas - often compound

83
Q

declarative sentence

A

sentence that declares or states something

84
Q

imperative sentence

A

commands, requests, or instructs; subject is usually unstated “you”

85
Q

exclamatory sentence

A

expresses strong emotion; with “!”

86
Q

interrogative sentence

A

asks a question

87
Q

simple sentence

A

at least one subject, at least one predicate; can stand alone b/c it expresses a complete thought

88
Q

compound sentence

A

contains two or more independent clauses

89
Q

complex sentence

A

contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

90
Q

compound-complex sentence

A

contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

91
Q

ellipses

A

rhetorical figure in which one or more words are omitted

92
Q

asyndeton

A

omission of a conjunction from a list; gives the affect of unpremeditated multiplicity, or an extemporaneous rather than a labored account

93
Q

anadiplosis

A

rhetorical trope formed by repeating last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next; done for beauty or to give a sense of logical progression

94
Q

anaphora

A

repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences

95
Q

epistrophe

A

repetition of the same word(s) used that end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences; opposite of anaphora

96
Q

polysyndeton

A

use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause; opposite of asyndeton; feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up

97
Q

parenthetical aside

A

consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence

98
Q

colon

A

punctuation mark used to divide distinct but related sentence components such as clauses in which the second elaborates on the first, or to introduce a list, quotation, or speech

99
Q

semi-colon

A

connects two independent parts of a sentence

100
Q

dashes

A

used to indicate a sudden break in thought, to set off parenthetical material

101
Q

allegory

A

form of extended metaphor in which object and persons are equated with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself

102
Q

biography

A

an account of a persons life

103
Q

chronicle

A

an extended account of historical events without interpretation or comment

104
Q

diary

A

daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations

105
Q

essay

A

short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author; analytic or interpretive

106
Q

parody

A

literary form in which the style of an author or particular work is mocked in its style for the sake of comic effect

107
Q

prose

A

writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to the patterns of everyday speech

108
Q

satire

A

literary work which exposes and ridicules human vices or folly; historically perceived as tending toward didacticism, usually intended as moral criticism directed against the injustice of social wrongs

109
Q

sermon

A

oration by a prophet or member of the clergy

110
Q

stream-of-consciousness

A

technique that records the multifarious thoughts and feelings of a character without regard to logical or narrative sequence; writer attempts to reflect all the forces, external and internal, influencing the psychology of a character at a single moment

AP Lang (9 decks)

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