ap human units 5-7 Flashcards
Agricultural Landscapes
the visible outcomes of the interaction between agriculture, natural resources and the environment, and encompass amenity, cultural, and other societal values
Deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land
Reservoirs
Long natural artificial lake that is used for water supply
Aquifers
a body of rock or sediment that holds groundwater
Salinization
the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil
Debt-For-Nature Swap
financial transactions in which a portion of a developing nation’s foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measures
Biotechnology
the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society
Precision Agriculture
the science of improving crop yields and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools
Food Insecurity
household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food
Food Security
All people having access to sustainable and adequate food that meets dietary needs
Economy of Scale
the cost advantages a company gains with the increase in production
Mixed crop and livestock systems
a sustainable practice that combines crop cultivation and livestock rearing on the same farm
GMOs
an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
Infrastructure
the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation and often involves the production of public goods or production processes
Dual Agricultural Economy
An economy in which modern industries, mines, or plantation agriculture exist side-by-side with backward sectors, with little interaction between them.
Agribusiness
commerce in farming and farming-related activities
Vertical Integration
a business strategy in which a company takes ownership of two or more key stages of its supply chain
Tariffs
taxes imposed by one country on goods or services imported from another country
Cash Crop
agricultural crops that are planted for the purpose of selling on the market or for export to make profit
First Agricultural Revolution
the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement
Second Agricultural Revolution
It involved the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods.
Third Agricultural Revolution (GREEN)
an array of improvements in plant breeds and agrochemicals resulting in a huge boom in crop yields and a reduction of hunger worldwide.
fair trade
a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade
market gardening
the commercial production of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other plants on a scale larger than a home garden, yet small enough that many of the principles of gardening are applicable
transhumance
The moving of cattle and livestock up and down for better grazing during different seasons
Agriculture
the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products
Subsistence Agriculture
farming or a system of farming that provides all or almost all the goods required by the farm family usually without any significant surplus for sale
Commercial agriculture
farming that focuses on producing agricultural products for sale in the market rather than solely for subsistence purposes
Bid-Rent Theory
a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases
Intensive Agriculture
farming that uses a lot of machinery, labor, chemicals
Monoculture
the cultivation or growth of a single crop or organism especially on agricultural or forest land
Plantation Agriculture
he production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land
Extensive Agriculture
system of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to area of land being farmed
Domestication
the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use
