ap human unit 3 and 4

Question 1

Diffusion

Answer 1

the spread of an idea or characteristic over time

Question 2

contagious diffusion

Answer 2

the distance-controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person.

Question 3

Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 3

when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals

Question 4

Stimulus Diffusion

Answer 4

when an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters

Question 5

Cultural convergence

Answer 5

takes place when cultures become more similar based on shared structures, values, and technology

Question 6

Multiculturalism

Answer 6

the promotion of multiple cultures within a society.

Question 7

Artifacts

Answer 7

An individual culture trait that falls within the technological subsystem

Question 8

Sociofacts

Answer 8

the structures and organizations of a culture which influence social behaviour

Question 9

Mentifacts

Answer 9

The shared ideas, values, and beliefs of a culture.

Question 10

Ethnocentrism

Answer 10

based on the belief that one’s own culture is inherently superior and that other nations are backwards or underdeveloped because their culture is different

Question 11

Cultural Relativism

Answer 11

Understanding a culture on its own terms rather than judging it by the standards or customs of one’s own culture

Question 12

Sequent Occupance

Answer 12

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Question 13

toponyms

Answer 13

another word for name, but is specific to locations

Question 14

Gentrification

Answer 14

urban renewal that leads to the displacement of the occupying demographic

Question 15

language family

Answer 15

a collection of languages groups in an area

Question 16

isolate

Answer 16

A language that is unrelated to any other language and therefore not attached to any language

Question 17

Language Group

Answer 17

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

Question 18

Ethnic Religion

Answer 18

relate closely to culture, ethnic heritage, and to the physical geography of a particular place

Question 19

Secular

Answer 19

The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

Question 20

soverinty

Answer 20

The political authority of a state to govern itself

Question 21

nation

Answer 21

A group of people bound together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland

Question 22

Nation-State

Answer 22

A nation is a group of people with common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders

Question 23

multi-nation state

Answer 23

A group of people who share a common characteristic and live in multiple states

Question 24

Multi-national state

Answer 24

a state that consists of two or more nations within its borders

Question 25

Irredentism

Answer 25

political movement that is strongly tied to nationalism

Question 26

Stateless Nation

Answer 26

A nation of people without a state that it considers home

Question 27

Choke Point

Answer 27

geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict

Question 28

Shatterbelts

Answer 28

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals

Question 29

Self-Determination

Answer 29

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments.

Question 30

Devolution

Answer 30

The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or breakup of a large state (balkanization) into several independent ones

Question 31

Superimposed Boundary

Answer 31

political barriers drawn in an area with complete disregard for the cultural, religious, and ethnic divisions within the people living there.

Question 32

Exclusive Economic Zone

Answer 32

a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources

Question 33

Federal State

Answer 33

A country where governmental authority is shared among a central government and various other smaller, regional authorities

Question 34

unitary state

Answer 34

a state where laws are administered uniformly by one central government

Question 35

Reapportionment

Answer 35

The process by which representation is reallocated to the various states

Question 36

Electoral College

Answer 36

an institution that is unique to the United States of America

Question 37

Redistricting

Answer 37

the process of drawing electoral district boundaries, takes place in the United States following the completion of each decennial census, to account for population shifts

Question 38

Ethnic Separatism

Answer 38

occurs when minority groups fight for independence. In Spain, the Basques & Catalans are two such groups that have a unique culture/language and desire to be independent from Spain.

Question 39

ethnic cleansing

Answer 39

when a people group commits mass expulsion or mass killing of a particular ethnic group whom they do not want to exist either in a particular region or in the world as a whole

Question 40

Supranationalism

Answer 40

the process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance

Question 41

economies of sale

Answer 41

The savings in cost per unit due to increasing the level of production

Question 42

Ethnonationalism

Answer 42

a form of nationalism in which the “nation” is defined in terms of ethnicity.