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FLASHCARD MANIA > AP Gov vocab v.6 > Flashcards

AP Gov vocab v.6 Flashcards

1
Q

Formal approval on presidential appointments

A

Advice and consent

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2
Q

Argued for a truly federal government, feared strong executive and Congress’ power to tax

A

Anti-federalist

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3
Q

Series of statements that defined the initial national government and redefined the former colonies as states

A

Articles of Confederation

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4
Q

Two house legislature

A

Bicameral

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5
Q

Includes many essential rights, most of which were violated under the oppressive British regime

A

Bill of Rights

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6
Q

Limiting powers each branch can use on the others

A

Checks and Balances

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7
Q

Empowers Congress to regulate commerce with other nations and among the several states

A

Commerce Clause

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8
Q

Official statement to summarize the colonists’ view that justified the break from Britain and proclaimed reasons for independence

A

Declaration of Independence

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9
Q

Each state would have same number of electors as representatives and people who vote for electors to choose the president

A

Electoral College

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10
Q

Elected representatives to make decisions and acts as trustees for the people who elect them. Elites, people with power and money, dominate

A

Elite Democracy

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11
Q

Power to tax, borrow money, raise an army, create a postal system, address piracy on the seas, and define the immigration and naturalization process and a few others

A

Enumerated Powers

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12
Q

Return fugitives to states where they had committed crimes and runaway slaves to states they had fled

A

Extradition

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13
Q

Authors writing to assure citizens that they had created a federal system and that states had not lost their importance. Allay fears that the Constitution would subject people in the states to abuses by new government

A

Federalist Papers

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14
Q

Balance of power among a central/national authority/government and state/regional authority. Assures a limited government.

A

Federalism

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15
Q

Endorsed the Constitution

A

Federalist

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16
Q

Requires states to be open about their laws and encourages states to respect one another’s laws. States cannot favor their citizens over others

A

Full faith and credit clause

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17
Q

The matter of representation was referred to a committee made up of one delegate from each state at the convention.

A

Grand Committee

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17
Q

Created a two-house Congress composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate

A

Great Compromise

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18
Q

From Congress, seats awarded based on population and those wanting equal representation

A

House of Representatives

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19
Q

Accusation, an indictment of wrongdoing

A

Impeachment

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20
Q

Influenced the creation of the Constitution, strong supporter of Constitution, wrote Federalist Papers, nickname is Father of the Constitution

A

James Madison

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21
Q

Courts can deem an act of legislature unconstitutional when deciding a case

A

Judicial Review

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22
Q

Makes certain all states must adhere to the Constitution

A

National supremacy/supremacy clause

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23
Q

Law of God and acknowledge through human sense and reason. People were born free and equal. Right to rebel when rulers did not respect consent of governed

A

Natural Law

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24
Q

Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers

A

Necessary and proper (elastic) clause

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25
Q

States would retain sovereignty, national legislature would have only limited and defined powers, no national courts

A

New Jersey Plan

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26
Q

Direct participation of many. People vote directly for laws and other matters that affect them

A

Participatory democracy

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27
Q

Non-governmental groups organize to try to exert influence on political decision making in interest groups

A

Pluralist democracy

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28
Q

When a president refuses to sign a bill at the end of a legislative session

A

Pocket Veto

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29
Q

The people as ultimate ruling authority

A

Popular Sovereignty

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30
Q

Constitution’s mission statement that starts with “We the people” and outlines the purpose of the new government including “establishing justice” and providing for the “common defense”

A

Preamble

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31
Q

A collection of sovereign states gathered for the national interest, national needs, and national defense

A

Representative republic

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32
Q

People elect representatives who are responsible to make and carry out laws

A

Republicanism

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33
Q

Not specifically listed and thus any powers not mentioned remain with the states

A

Reserved powers

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34
Q

Two senators from each state regardless of the state’s size

A

Senate

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35
Q

Defining the distinct responsibilities and limits of each branch to keep any one branch from becoming too powerful

A

Separation of Powers

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36
Q

Contract between a democratic government and people. If a government violated in the contract, people take power back

A

Social contract

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37
Q

Makes certain all states must adhere to the Constitution

A

Supremacy clause/National Su

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38
Q

Northern and southern delegates agreed to count only three of every five slaves to determine representation in the House

A

Three-fifths compromise

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39
Q

If a president vetos a bill, Congress, each house acting separately, can reverse the veto with a two-thirds majority vote in each house

A

two-thirds override

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40
Q

Law covered intelligence gathering and sharing by executive branch agencies, points of criminal procedure and border protection after 9/11 attacks

A

USA PATRIOT Act

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41
Q

presidential power to reject a bill

A

veto

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42
Q

Created a three-branch system of government by 15 resolves, becomes blueprint of the Constitution

A

Virginia Plan

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43
Q

Congress offers larger sums of money to states to take care of large purpose without any strings

A

Block grants

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44
Q

Federal government offers money as long as states follow federal guidelines

A

Categorical grants

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45
Q

The states created the national government and could judge whether federal authorities broke the compact (contract) by overstepping their limited authority

A

Compact Theory

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46
Q

Powers held by both state and federal

A

Concurrent Powers

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47
Q

Specific requirements attached to categorical grants

A

Conditions of aid/strings

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48
Q

Congress distributes federal tax revenues to states to take care of particular national concerns

A

Cooperative/fiscal federalism
Or revenue sharing

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49
Q

Expressed powers in the Constitution

A

Delegated powers

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50
Q

Devolving some responsibilities assumed by the federal government back to the states

A

Devolution

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51
Q

National government is supreme in its sphere and the states are equally supreme in their own sphere

A

Dual federalism

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52
Q

Expanded Congress’ reach of regulation in order tax

A

Federal income tax

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53
Q

Federal funds given to states to address basic needs but come in different forms with different requirements

A

Grants-in-aid

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54
Q

Powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but deriving from the elastic clause

A

Implied powers

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55
Q

federal, state, local governments, and even private groups share federal money with interrelated goals

A

Marble cake federalism

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56
Q

Banking is part of the federal government’s business and appropriate under the necessary and proper clause

A

McCulloch v. Maryland

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57
Q

Transferring certain powers from the federal government back to the states

A

New Federalism

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58
Q

Gave states the right to declare null and void and federal law states thought violated the Constitution

A

Nullification

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59
Q

States have powers to create and enforce laws on health, safety, and morals

A

Police Powers

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60
Q

Protects rights of individual citizens and restricts states from discriminating against out of state citizens

A

Privileges and immunities clause

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61
Q

Doctrine asserting that Congress may regulate when a commodity requires national uniformity

A

Selective exclusiveness

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62
Q

Someone who believes the Constitutions should be interpreted literally

A

Strict constructionist

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63
Q

Specific requirements attached

A

Strings

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64
Q

Single governing authority in a central capital with uniform law throughout the land

A

Unitary government

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65
Q

A gun near school property does not have an impact on interstate commerce and is not covered by the commerce clause

A

United States v. Lopez

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66
Q

Controversy over federal tax on whiskey distillers that required military force to end. Questioned growing federal power

A

Whiskey Rebellion

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67
Q

Requires states to comply with a federal directive, sometimes with reward of funds and sometimes without

A

Mandates

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68
Q

Legislative branch, Congress, makes laws

A

Article I

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69
Q

Executive branch, President, enforce laws

A

Article II

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70
Q

Judicial branch, Supreme Court, interpret laws

A

Article III

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71
Q

States and their relationship with national government

A

Article IV

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72
Q

How to add amendments

A

Article V

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73
Q

Constitution is the supreme law of the land

A

Article VI

74
Q

How to ratify the Constitution

A

Article VII

75
Q

5 freedoms: Speech, Petition, Religion, Assembly, Press

A

1st

76
Q

Right to bear arms

A

2nd

77
Q

Against quartering troops

A

3rd

78
Q

Against unlawful search and seizure

A

4th

79
Q

Rights of accused: formal charges, against double Jeopardy and self-incrimination

A

5th

80
Q

Right to speedy, fair trial and lawyer

A

6th

81
Q

Right to civil suits (suing but not criminal)

A

7th

82
Q

Against unreasonable bail or punishment

A

8th

83
Q

Any other rights reserved to the people

A

9th

84
Q

Powers reserved to the states

A

10th

85
Q

States sued in own courts

A

11th

86
Q

President and Vice President on separate ballots

A

12th

87
Q

Abolished slavery

A

13th

88
Q

Defines citizens, right to due process for all, equal protection for all

A

14th

89
Q

No racial discrimination for voting

A

15th

90
Q

Income tax allowed

A

16th

91
Q

Direct vote of senators

A

17th

92
Q

Alcohol prohibited

A

18th

93
Q

Women can vote

A

19th

94
Q

“Lame Duck Amendment” and changes date for presidential term

A

20th

95
Q

Alcohol allowed

A

21st

96
Q

President is limited to two terms

A

22nd

97
Q

Citizens of Washington, D.C. can vote for President

A

23rd

98
Q

No poll tax

A

24th

99
Q

Presidential succession and disability

A

25th

100
Q

18-year-olds may vote

A

26th

101
Q

Congressional pay increase takes place in the next term

A

27th

102
Q

Believe in following tradition and having reverence for authorities, less taxation and less government spending

A

Conservative

103
Q

Government should take a laissez-faire (let it be) approach and an “invisible hand”- guided by the interaction of producers and consumers- would regulate over time

A

Free enterprise

104
Q

Process of expanding and increasing world economy and political culture

A

Globalization

105
Q

Comprehensive and mutually consistent set of ideas

A

Ideology

106
Q

A belief in the fundamental worth and importance of the individual

A

Individualism

107
Q

Being open to allowing government to flexibly expand beyond established constraints

A

Liberal

108
Q

Oppose government intervention or regulation, conservation on economy and liberal on social issues

A

Libertarian

109
Q

Variety of physical, social, and psychological changes that people go through as they age

A

Lifecycle effects

110
Q

Government kept under control by law, checks and balances, and separation of powers,

A

Limited government

111
Q

Middle of the spectrum, some conservative beliefs and some liberal beliefs

A

Moderate

112
Q

Self-identifying with a party, acknowledging their membership or openly referring to themselves as members of their chosen party

A

Party Identification

113
Q

The process by which one develops political beliefs

A

Political socialization

114
Q

Generally attended a Protestant church and follow fundamental Christian ideas with a strict moral code

A

Populist

115
Q

Criticize traditional political establishments that have too much power in government and business, wealthy should pay more taxes

A

Progressive

116
Q

The principle of a government that establishes laws that apply equally to all members of society and prevents the rule and whims of leaders who see themselves as above the law

A

Rule of law

117
Q

Importance

A

Saliency

118
Q

Issues that are shared by people with a variety of ideologies

A

Valence issues

119
Q

Issues that sharply divide the public

A

Wedge issues

120
Q

Gauged by pollsters to determine president’s job performance

A

Approval rating

121
Q

A shift of support to a candidate/position hold the lead in public opinion polls

A

Bandwagon effect

122
Q

Conducted outside the polling place on Election Day to predict the outcome of the election by asking who they intend to support

A

Entrance polls

123
Q

First type of poll used in an election to gather general information about people’s views and concerns before any candidates declare intentions to run

A

Benchmark polls

124
Q

Conducted outside the polling place on Election Day to predict the outcome of the election by asking how the voters voted

A

Exit polls

125
Q

Small groups of citizens (10-40) to hold conversations about issues or candidates

A

Focus group

126
Q

Amount allowed for cases of miscalculation

A

Margin of error

127
Q

Telephone poll with ulterior motive, offer positive on candidate and negative on opponent

A

Push polling

128
Q

Computer randomly calls possible numbers in a given area until enough people respond to establish a representative sample

A

Random-digit sampling

129
Q

Every member of the universe must have an equal chance of selection into the sample

A

Random sample

130
Q

Group of people meant to represent the larger group in question a.k.a. universe

A

Representative sample

131
Q

Measure results in two or more polls to determine difference between poll results

A

Sampling error

132
Q

Making sure demographic groups are properly represented in a sample

A

Stratification/Weighting

133
Q

Ask people the same or similar questions over time to track public opinion

A

Tracking polls

134
Q

Group of people meant to represent the larger group in question

A

Universe

135
Q

A list of potential policy ideas, bills, or plans to improve society

A

Agenda

136
Q

Securities or government IOUS

A

Bonds

137
Q

Interest rate at which the government loans actual dollars to commercial banks

A

Discount rate

138
Q

Include Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, block grants, financial aid, food stamps, money owed on bonds, and the government’s other contractual obligations

A

Entitlements

139
Q

Called the “The Fed”, sets monetary policy by buying and selling securities or bonds, regulating money reserves required at commercial banks, and setting interest rates

A

Federal Reserve Board

140
Q

Part of economic policy that is concerned with government spending and taxation

A

Fiscal Policy

141
Q

Taxes citizens at the same rate

A

Flat tax

142
Q

Rising prices and devaluation of the dollar

A

Inflation

143
Q

Oversees the tax collection process

A

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

144
Q

Congress awards cash to individuals, groups, local, or state governments by paying those who are legally entitled to these funds

A

Mandatory Spending

145
Q

Test to determine which citizens qualify for aid

A

Means test

146
Q

Provides health insurance coverage for the poorest Americans

A

Medicaid

147
Q

Helps ease the medical cost of seniors over the age of 65

A

Medicare

148
Q

How the government manages the supply and demand of its currency and the value of the dollar

A

Monetary policy

149
Q

Lifted trade barriers and removed import taxes between Canada, Mexico, and the USA

A

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

150
Q

Called “Obamacare”, an expansion of government regulation of health insurance and making services more affordable

A

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

151
Q

One’s tax rate increases, or progresses, as one’s income increases

A

Progressive tax

152
Q

How much cash commercial banks must keep in their vaults

A

Reserve requirement

153
Q

Government insurance program that required the employed to pay a small contribution via a payroll tax into an insurance fund designed to assist the unemployed and to help financially strapped retirees. Everyone who pays collects retirement benefits

A

Social Security Act

154
Q

Support for disadvantaged people to meet their basic needs

A

Social Welfare

155
Q

Belief that the govt should leave as much of the money supply as possible with the people, letting the laws of the marketplace to govern the market aka laissez-faire

A

Supply-side economics

156
Q

A nation that exports more than it imports has a favorable trade balance. One that imports more than it exports has a deficit. The balance between surplus and deficit measures economic success

A

Trade balance

157
Q

Mail in ballot if voter can’t make it to the polls

A

Absentee ballot

158
Q

Advocate for expanding suffrage to all white men by end property requirement to vote

A

Andrew Jackson

159
Q

Makes elections fair by printing and distributing ballots at public expense, show all candidates’ names, be available at polling places, and be completed in private

A

Australian ballot

160
Q

Addressed discrimination in voter registrations and outlawed poll taxes in elections

A

Civil Rights Act

161
Q

Right to vote

A

Franchise/Suffrage

162
Q

Difference in political views between men and women expressed when voting

A

Gender gap

163
Q

Recognized a registering voter as it would have their grandfather to prevent blacks from voting while allowing white to vote

A

Grandfather clause

164
Q

Required states to make voting electronic and accessible for the handicapped

A

Help America Vote Act

165
Q

Organized groups that interact with the government to shape policy

A

Linkage institutions

166
Q

Test given to attempt to deny suffrage to African Americans

A

Literacy test

167
Q

Addressed national standards of voter, mail-in, and government agency-based registration to make it easier to vote and increase voter participation

A

National Voter Registration Act (motor-voter law)

168
Q

Acknowledging their membership and self-identifying with a political party

A

Party identification

169
Q

Sense that their vote does or doesn’t make a difference

A

Political efficacy

170
Q

Allowed federal government to stop states’ attempts to diminish black suffrage

A

Preclearance

171
Q

Voting based on anticipating the future

A

Prospective voting

172
Q

Ballots set aside to make sure a voter voted in the correct polling places based on registration address

A

Provisional ballots

173
Q

Voting in a way that benefits to voter

A

Rational-choice voting

174
Q

Voting by looking back to consider candidates’ track records

A

Retrospective voting

175
Q

Lack of concern for the election outcome

A

Voter apathy

176
Q

Allows government to prepare for an election, verify voter qualifications

A

Voter registration

177
Q

Number of voters who actually cast votes

A

Voter turnout

178
Q

Everyone in the US over the age of 18, whether they can vote or not

A

Voting-age population

179
Q

Groups that vote in noticeable patterns

A

Voting blocs

180
Q

Citizens over the age of 18 and in most states, must be non-felons

A

Voting-eligible population

181
Q

Outlawed literacy tests and states with low voter turnout were watched by the Justice Department

A

Voting Rights Act

182
Q

Popular method of southern states to keep African Americans from voting by defining membership as white men’s clubs

A

White primary

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