AP Gov Ch 3 - Alyssa Rosales Flashcards
abraham lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through the American Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis
andrew johnson
Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson assumed the presidency as he was Vice President of the United States at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency and previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois
Barron v Baltimore
Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. 243, is a landmark United States Supreme Court case in 1833, which helped define the concept of federalism in US constitutional law. The Court established a precedent that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the state governments.
bill of attainder
A bill of attainder is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial.
block grant
In a fiscal federal form of government, a block grant is a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent, in contrast to a categorical grant, which has stricter and specific provisions on the way it is to be spent.
calvin coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was an American politician and the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor.
categorical grants
Categorical grants, also called conditional grants, are grants issued by the United States Congress which may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes
civil war
The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history
Charter
a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony,
city, or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges.
Concurrent powers
Concurrent powers are powers a federal system of government that are shared by both the federal government and each constituent political unit. These powers may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory, in relation to the same body of citizens, and regarding the same subject-matter
confederate states of america
The Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy and the South, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.
confederation
Type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states
Iroquois confederacy
a political alliance of american indian tribes established in the seventeenth century that featured aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the framers
monarchy
a form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society
totalitarianism
a form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regards to rights or liberties
oligarchy
a form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement
democracy
a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives
enumerated powers
the powers of the national government specifically granted to congress in article 1, section 8 of the constitution
implied powers
the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause
tenth amendment
the final part of the bill of rights that defines the basic principle of american federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people
reserved powers
powers reserved to the states by the tenth amendment that lie at the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens
ex post facto law
law that makes an act punishable as a crime, even if the action was legal at the time it was confirmed
full faith and credit clause
section of article IV of the constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one states will be binding and enforceable in any other state
privileges and immunities clause
part of article IV of the constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states
extradition clause
part of article IV of the constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial
interstate compacts
contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multi state policy concerns
dillon’s rule
a premise articulated by judge john f. dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them
counties
the basic administrative units of local government
municipalities
city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas
special district
a local government that is restricted to a particular function
john marshall
the longest serving supreme court chief justice. marshall served from 1801 to 1835. marshall’s decision in marbury v. madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland
the supreme court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the constitution’s supremacy clause. the court’s broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
gibbons v ogden (1824)
the supreme court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. the court’s broad interpretation of the constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
roger b. taney
supreme court chief justice who served from 1835-1864, taney supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-civil war era
dual federalism
the belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer cake federalism
nullification
the belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law
John C. Calhoun
a politician and political theorist from south carolina who supported slavery and state’s rights in the pre-civil war era and served as vice president from 1825 to 1832
dred scott v sandford
a supreme court decision that ruled the missouri compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved african americans.
secession
a unilateral assertion of independence by a geographic region within a country. the eleven southern states making up the confederacy during the civil war seceded from the united states
reconstruction
the period from 1865-1877 after the civil war, in which the u.s militarily occupied and dominated the eleven former states of the confederacy
sixteenth amendment
amendment to the U.S. constitution that authorized congress to enact a national income tax
seventeenth amendment
amendment to the U.S. constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection by state legislatures
herbert hoover
thirty first president of the U.S., a republican, who served from 1929 to 1933 during the start of the great depression
franklin d. roosevelt
thirty-second, a democrat, who served from 1933 to 1945. FDR’s leadership took the united states through the great depression and WW2.
new deal
the name given to the program of “relief, recovery, reform” begun by president franklin d. roosevelt in 1933 to bring the us out of depression
cooperative federalism
the intertwined relationship between national, state, and local governments that began with the new deal; often referred to as marble cake federalism
progressive federalism
a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative
lyndon b johnson
36th president of the U.S., a democrat, who served from 1964-1969. LBJ led the nation during the civil rights era and the vietnam war
great society
reform program begun in 1964 by president lyndon b johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment
ronald reagan
40th president of the U.S., a republican, who served from 1981 to 1989. reagan led the nation through the end of the cold war and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism.
new federalism
federal state relationship proposed by the reagan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments
programmatic requests
federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district; also called earmarks
federal system
system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people
unitary system
system of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government
new deal
the name given to the program of “relief, recovery, reform” begun by president franklin d. roosevelt in 1933 to bring the us out of depression
