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AP Gov. Flashcards

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0
Q

Political socialization

A

The process through which an individual acquires particular political orientations.

Ex. Family, race, religion, peers, age, school, gender.

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1
Q

Caucus

A

A meeting of members of a political party to make a decision. Or a group of people within a political party who share (a) concern(s).

Ex. republicans, democrats…

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2
Q

Public Opinion

A

What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time.

Ex. Stereotypes, racism, sexism, who’s better

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3
Q

Public opinion polls

A

Interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of the entire population.

Ex. TV interviews, internet surveys, street surveys

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4
Q

Straw polls

A

Unscientific surveys used to gauge public opinion on a variety of issues and politics.

Ex. Magazine polls

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5
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the whole population selected to be questioned for the purposes of predicting or gauging opinion.

Ex. Like a sample platter. A little bit of everything

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6
Q

Random sampling

A

A method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected.

Ex.

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7
Q

Stratified sampling

A

A variation of random sampling; census data are used to divide the country into four sampling regions. Sets of counties and standard metropolitan statistical areas are then randomly selected in proportion to the total national population. Ex.

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8
Q

Push polls

A

Polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate.

Ex. False activities, dirty secrets, unfair fighting for power

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9
Q

Tracking polls

A

Continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart it’s daily rise or fall in support.

Ex. Newspapers, magazines, news shows

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10
Q

Exit polls

A

Polls conducted as voters leave selected polling places on Election Day.

Ex.

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11
Q

Margin of error

A

A measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll.

Ex. Usually small %

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12
Q

Political ideology

A

The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals.

Ex. Right vs. Wrong, good vs. evil, religion, ideology

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13
Q

Political party

A

An organized effort by office holders, activists, and voters to pursue common interests by gaining and exercising power through the electoral process

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14
Q

Political party

A

An organized effort by office holders, activists, candidates, and voters to pursue common interests by gaining and exercising power through the electoral process

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15
Q

Governmental party

A

The office holders who organize themselves and pursue policy objectives under a party label.

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16
Q

Organizational party

A

The workers and activists who make up the party’s formal organization structure.

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17
Q

Party in the electorate

A

The voters who consider themselves allied or associated with the party

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18
Q

Political machine

A

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

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19
Q

Direct primary

A

The selection of party candidates through the ballots of qualified voters rather than at party nominating conventions

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20
Q

Civil service laws

A

These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition

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21
Q

Issue-oriented politics

A

Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party candidate or other loyalties

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22
Q

Ticket-split

A

To vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election

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23
Q

Party realignment

A

A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections

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24
Q

Critical election

A

An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues

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25
Q

Secular realignment

A

The gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system

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26
Q

Coalition

A

A group made up of interests or organizations that join forces for the purpose of electing public officials

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27
Q

National party platform

A

A statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention

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28
Q

Proportional representation

A

A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party

Democrats

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29
Q

Winner-take-all system

A

An electoral system in which the part that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election

Republicans

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30
Q

National convention

A

A party meeting held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential candidate ticket and adopting a platform

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31
Q

Think tank

A

Institutional collection of policy orientated researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas

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32
Q

Soft money

A

The virtually unregulated money funneled through political parties for party building purposes, such as GOTV efforts or issue ads. Banned after 2002

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33
Q

Hard money

A

Funds that can be used for direct electioneering but are limited and regulated by the FEC (federal elections commission)

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34
Q

Party identification

A

A citizens personal a affinity for a political party, usually expressed by a tendency to vote for the candidates of that party

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35
Q

Dealignment

A

A general decline in party identification and loyalty in the electorate

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36
Q

Candidate centered politics

A

Politics that focus directly on the candidates, their particular issues, and character, rather than on party affiliation

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37
Q

Pyramid political party organization

A 
National convention 
National chairpersons
National committee 
State conventions 
Congressional district committees
City/ country committees, precinct/ ward committees, activists, volunteers, voters, identifiers
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38
Q

Conventional political participation

A

Political participation that attempts to influence the political process through well-accepted, often moderate forms of persuasion

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39
Q

Unconventional political participation

A

Political participation that attempts to influence the political process through unusual or extreme measures, such as protests, boycotts, and picketing.

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40
Q

Turnout

A

The proportion of the voting age public that votes

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41
Q

Prospective judgement

A

A voters evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected

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42
Q

Retrospective judgement

A

A voters evaluation of the performance of the party in power

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43
Q

Authoritarian system

A

A system of government that bases its rule on force rather than consent of the governed

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44
Q

Electorate

A

The citizens eligible to vote

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45
Q

Mandate

A

A command, indicated by an electorates votes, for the elected officials, to carry out their platforms

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46
Q

Primary election

A

Election in which votes decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election

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47
Q

Closed primary

A

A primary election in which only a party’s registered voters are eligible to vote

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48
Q

Open primary

A

A primary in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to vote

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49
Q

Crossover voting

A

Participation in the primary of a party which the voter is not affiliated

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50
Q

Raiding

A

An organized attempt by votes of one party to in fluency the primary results of the other party

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51
Q

Runoff primary

A

A second primary election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the first primary

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52
Q

General election

A

Election in which voters decide which candidate will actually fill elective public offices

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53
Q

Ballot measure

A

An election option such as the initiative or referendum that enables voters to enact public policy

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54
Q

Referendum

A

An election whereby the state legislature submits proposed legislation to the states voters for approval

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55
Q

Initiative

A

An election that allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the store electorate for popular vote

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56
Q

Recall

A

An election in which voters can remove an incumbent from office by popular vote

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57
Q

Front-loading

A

The tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar

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58
Q

Unit rule

A

A traditional party practice under which the majority of a state delegation can force the minority to vote for its candidate

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59
Q

Super delegate

A

Delegate slot to the Democratic Party’s national convention that is reserved for an elected party official

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60
Q

Electoral college

A

Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president

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61
Q

Elector

A

Member of the electoral college chosen by methods determined in each state

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62
Q

Reapportionment

A

The reallocation of the number of seats in the House of Representatives after each decennial census

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63
Q

Incumbency

A

The holding of an office

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64
Q

Redistricting

A

Redrawing congressional districts to reflect increases or decreases in seats allotted to the states as well as population shifts within a state

65
Q

Gerrymandering

A

The legislative process through which the majority party in each state house tries to assure that the maximum number of representatives from its political party can be elected to Congress through the redrawing of legislative districts

66
Q

Midterm election

A

An election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term

67
Q

Regional primary

A

A proposed system in which the country would be divided into 5 or 6 geographic areas and all states in each region would hold their presidential primary elections on the same day

68
Q

Scare off effect

A

An indirect advantage of incumbency

69
Q

Nomination campaign

A

The part of a political campaign aimed at winning a primary election

70
Q

General election campaign

A

The part of a political campaign aimed at winning a general election

71
Q

Voter canvas

A

The process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door-to-door solicitation or by telephone

72
Q

Get out the vote (GOTV)

A

A push at the end of a political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls

73
Q

Campaign manager

A

The individual who travels with the candidate and coordinates the many different aspects of the campaign

74
Q

Finance chair

A

Coordinates the fundraising efforts

75
Q

Pollster

A

Takes public opinion surveys that guide political campaigns

76
Q

Direct mailer

A

Supervises a political campaigns direct mail fundraising strategies

77
Q

Paid media

A

Political ads purchased for a candidates campaign

78
Q

Free media

A

Coverage of a candidates campaign by the news media

79
Q

Positive ad

A

Advertising on behalf of a candidate. Stresses qualifications, family, and issue positions without mentioning opponent

80
Q

Negative ad

A

Advertising on behalf of a candidate that attacks the opponents platform or character (daisy ad)

81
Q

Contrast ad

A

Ad that compares the records and proposals of the candidates with a bias toward the sponsor

82
Q

Spot ad

A

Television advertising on behalf of a candidate that is broadcast in 60, 30, or 10 seconds

83
Q

Inoculation ad

A

Advertising that attempts to counteract an anticipated attack from the opposition before the attack is launched

84
Q

Candidate debate

A

Forum in which political candidates face each other to discuss their platforms, records, and character

85
Q

Political action committee (PAC)

A

Federally mandated, officially registered fundraising committee that represents interest groups in the political process

86
Q

Public funds

A

Donations from the general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates

87
Q

Matching funds

A

Donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises

88
Q

527 political committees

A

Nonprofit and unregulated interest groups that focus on specific causes or policy positions and attempt to influence voters
Unintended result of BCRA

89
Q

501(c)(3) committees

A

Nonprofit and tax-exempt groups that can educate voters about issues and are not required to release the names of their contributors

90
Q

Government

A

The formal vehicle through which policies are made and affairs of state conducted

91
Q

Citizen

A

Member of the political community to whom certain rights and obligations are attached

92
Q

Politics

A

The study of who gets what, when, and how- or how policy decisions are made.

93
Q

Monarchy

A

A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the interests of all.

94
Q

Oligarchy

A

Gov where right to participate based on wealth, social status, military position or achievement.

95
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Gov where power resides in a leader who rules according to self interest.

96
Q

Democracy

A

Gov that gives power to the people

97
Q

Mayflower compact

A

Doc. by pilgrims at sea, enumerating the scope of gov and expectations of citizens.

98
Q

Social contract

A

Agreement between people and government signifying their consent to be governed

99
Q

Social contract theory

A

Belief that people are free and equal by natural right, must give consent to be governed

100
Q

Direct democracy

A

All discuss. All vote. All agree to majority vote

101
Q

Indirect (representative) democracy

A

Citizens vote for representatives who vote for them

102
Q

Republic

A

Gov rooted in the consent of the governed (indirect)

103
Q

Political culture

A

Commonly shared attitudes beliefs and core values about how gov should operate

104
Q

Personal liberty

A

Freedom from gov interference. Includes freedom to engage in practice without gov interference or discrimination Key characteristic of U.S. Democracy

105
Q

Political equality

A

All citizens equal in political process. “One person, one vote”

106
Q

Mercantilism

A

Economic theory designed to increase a nations wealth with commercial industry and favorable balance of trade

107
Q

Stamp act congress

A

Meeting of representatives of 9 of 13 colonies in NY city 1765. Drafted doc. to send to king listing how rights had been violated

108
Q

Committees of correspondence

A

Organizations to keep colonists abreast of developments with the British. Powerful molders of public opinion

109
Q

1st continental congress

A

Sep.5 to Oct.26 1774 Philadelphia.

56 delegates. Not Georgia. Adopted resolution in opposition of coercive acts

110
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

By Thomas Jefferson 1776. Right of colonies to separate from Britain

111
Q

2nd continental congress

A

Philadelphia may 10 1775. Army raised. George Washington commander in chief

112
Q

Articles of confederation

A

Compact among 13 colonies. Created league of friendship. Nat’l gov gets power from states.

113
Q

Confederation

A

Gov. where bat’l gov gets power from states

114
Q

Shay’s rebellion

A

In 1786 where 1,500 angry farmers forcibly restrained state court from foreclosing mortgages on farms. Led by Daniel Shays. Springfield Massachusetts

115
Q

Constitution

A

Doc establishing structure, functions, and limitations of gov

116
Q

Virginia plan

A

Bicameral legislature. Executive and judiciary chosen by bat’l legislature

117
Q

New Jersey plan

A

1 house legislature, 1state=1 vote. Congress raises revenue. Supreme Court for life

118
Q

Great compromise

A

Final decision of constitutional convention

119
Q

3/5ths compromise

A

Slaves = 3/5ths of a person for pop. Counting for house of reps voting

120
Q

Separation of powers

A

Divides power of gov among 3 branches. Equal and independent

121
Q

Checks and balances

A

Constitutionally mandated structure. Each branch has some control over others

122
Q

Federal system

A

Power divided between state and national governments. National is supreme

123
Q

Enumerated powers

A

17 specific powers granted to congress under A1 S8 of Constitution

124
Q

Necessary and proper clause

AKA Elastic clause

A

Gives congress authority to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out enumerated powers.

125
Q

Implied powers

A

Derived from enumerated powers and necessary and proper clause. Not specifically stated. Considered implied through delegated powers

126
Q

Full faith and credit clause

A

Stars must honor the laws and judicial proceedings of other states.

127
Q

Supremacy clause

A

National law is supreme to all other law

128
Q

Federal system

A

National and state gov share power. Derived from people. All powers specified in constitution

129
Q

Confederation

A

National gov gets power from independent states

130
Q

Unitary system

A

States get power from strong national government

131
Q

10th amendment

A

Powers not delegated to US by constitution are reserved to the states or people

132
Q

Reserve/police powers

A

Powers reserved to states by 10th amendment

133
Q

Concurrent powers

A

Authority possessed by both state and national gov

134
Q

Bill of attainder

A

A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

135
Q

Ex post facto law

A

Law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the crime was legal at the time it was committed

136
Q

Privileges and immunities clause

A

Citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states

137
Q

Extradition clause

A

Requires states to extradite criminals to states where they’ve been convicted to stand trial

138
Q

Interstate compacts

A

Contacts between states that carry the force of the law. Address multistate policy concerns

139
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A

Supreme Court denied right of a state to tax the federal bank using supremacy clause

140
Q

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

A

Supreme Court upheld broad congressman power to regulate interstate commerce. Commerce clause

141
Q

Dual federalism

A

Ellie’s that separate and equally powerful levels of gov is best arrangement

142
Q

16th amendment

A

Authorized congress to enact a nat’l income tax

143
Q

17th amendment

A

Made senators directly elected by the people Removed their selection from state legislatures

144
Q

Cooperative federalism

A

Intertwined relationship between nat’l and state government because of New Deal

145
Q

Categorical grant

A

Grants that allocate fed funds to states for specific purpose

146
Q

New Federalism

A

Federal-state relationship during 1980’s. Returning administrative powers to state gov

147
Q

Block grant

A

Broad grant with few strings attached

148
Q

Unfunded mandates

A

States must comply with nat’l laws without funding

149
Q

Preemption

A

Allows nat’l gov to override or preempt state actions in local areas

150
Q

Sovereign immunity

A

Right of state to be free from lawsuit unless state gives permission. 11th amendment

151
Q

Bicameral legislature

A

2 houses

152
Q

Apportionment

A

Giving congress seats to states based on population

153
Q

Redistricting

A

Redrawing of congressional districts

154
Q

Bill

A

Proposed law

155
Q

Impeachment

A

Power of house of reps to charge civil officers and remove them from office

156
Q

Majority party

A

Party in house with most members

157
Q

Minority party

A

Party in house with least members

158
Q

Speaker of the House

A

Elected by entire house in beginning. Only member mentioned in constitution

159
Q

Party caucus

A

Formal gathering of all members

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