AP EXAM Flashcards
1200-1450
How did they Maintain and Justify power in Song China?
confuciansim, imperial bureaucracy
1200-1450
confucianism
Song China
carried over a revival of confucianism from the Tang Dynasty
neo confucianism: sought to rid Confucian thought of the influence of Buddhism which ahd infulenced in significantly before
-the nature of society is hierarchical
1200-1450
Women
Song China
delegated to the subordinate position
-stripped of leagal rights
-endured social resitrictions:
- only had limited access to education and elite women forced to practice foot binding
1200-1450
Imperial Bureacucracy
Song China
bureaucracy: a gov entity arranged in a hierarchial fashion that carries out the will of the emperor
-civil service examination: rewquired to taxe and pass to join bureaucracy, based on Confucian classics
-theoretically open to everyonne, but only rich men had time to study
1200-1450
Song influence on neighboring regions
korea: used similar civil service examination +adopted buddhism
1200-1450
Buddhism in Song China
-buddhism originated in India
Therevada: Sri Lanka, only thoose in monestaries could achive nirvana
Mahayana: East Asuan, broader participation
1200-1450
Song China Economy
1200-1450
agricultural innovations in Song China
helped population boom
-champa rice: matured early, resisted drought, could be harvested multiple times
1200-1450
transportation innovations in Song China
expansion of Grand Canal: facilitated trade and communication among China’s regions
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1200-1450
Dar-al Islam
house of Islam
refers to al lplaces in world where Islamic faith was the organizing principle of civilizations
1200-1450
Abbasid Claiphate
-Bagdad:center
-ethnically Arab
-as its power wained, its land became dominated by Turlic people
1200-1450
Seljuk Empire
-Abbasid needed hlep consolidation power, so they brought Seljuk warrors in and they fought and took control
-dominance of Arab Muslim empires was fading while Turkic Muslim empires rose up to replace them
1200-1450
Turkic Empires
-continuity form Arab Empires
-military administered state
-established Sharia law
1200-1450
State Building In South Asia
-Dehli Ruled northern India: had difficulty holding onto tule and imposing a total Muslim state upon majoirty hindu population
Rajput Kingfoms: collection of rival and warring Hindu kingdoms
Vijayanagara Empire: established b/c of a failed attempt by Deli Sultunate to extend Muslim rule into the south
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1200-1450
State Building In Americas
Aztec and Incan empires, Mississippian Culture
1200-1450
Aztec Empire
-Technochitlian: capital city
-established empire w/ aggressive program of expansion
1200-1450
Aztec Administration
-created an elaborate system of tribute states, people they conquered were required to provide labor for the Aztecs and regular contributions of goods
-enslaved people played large role in their religion, canidates for human sacrifice
1200-1450
Incan empire
(further south than Aztects)
-highly centralized, incorporated land anc languages of older Andean societies
-developed bureaucracy w/ relied hieracrchy of officals spread throughout empire
-Mit’a system
1200-1450
Mit’a System
-incan empire, required all people under rule to provide labor on state projects
1200-1450
Mississippian Culture
-1st large scale civilization in north america
-around Mississippi River Valley b/c of fertile soil, agruculture focused
-power sturcture: large towsn domainayed smaller, satellite settlements pollitically
1200-1450
State Building in Africa
Swahili Civilization
Ghana, Mali, and Songhay Civilizations
Hausa Kindoms
Great Zimbabwe
Ethiopia
1200-1450
Swahili Civilization
-E. Africa
-series of cities organized arround commerce (trading along E. African coast)
-politically independent cities w. common social hierarchy (put merchants above commoners)
-deeply influenced by Muslim Traders: settled in carious Swahili states, states rapidly became Islamic, increased intergration with larger Islamic world of trade
-emergence of Swahili: decended from indigenous Bantu language and Arabic
1200-1450
Ghana, Mali, Songhay civilizations
-highly centralized
-grown by trade
-mostly elite members and gov. officials that converted to Islam, majority of population held on to indigenous beliefs and traditions
1200-1450
Hausa Kingdoms
-not centralized, series of city-states
-spoke common language and common culture; organized and grew powerdul through Trans-Saharan trade
1200-1450
Great Zimbabwe
powerful African state that grew b/c of trade
-w. increasing African and intergrational trade being procesed through Here, grew exceedingly wealthy and shifted to mainly gold
-rulers and people never converted to Islam, but rather maintained their indigenous shamanistic religion
1200-1450
Ethiopia
grew b/c of trade
Christianity: 1 African christian state surrounded by Islamic and indigenous belief states
-hierarchial power structure
1200-1450
Europe
Dominated by Chritsianity: Eastern Orthodox or Roman Catholicism
-Byzantine Empire
-Kevian Rus
-Western Empire
1200-1450
Byzantine Empire
eastern hald of what was once Roman Empire, eastern orthodox christianity
1200-1450
Kevian Rus
eastern orthodox christianity (unitying factor)
1200-1450
Western Europe
Roman catholicism
-linked small empires, no large empires, decentralization and political fragmation was “political flavor of Europe”
-feudalism: system of alliances between powerful lords, monarchs and kingdoms, vassals recived land from their lords in exchange for military service
-manorialism: way economics and society was organized, serfs, center of political and economic power was in hands of landowning lords (nobility)
1200-1450
Silk Road
-luxury goods trading network that stretched accross Eurasia
kashgar: at two major cross points
ex: Chinese silk an porcelin
1200-1450
innovations and tradnsportations that facilitated expansion of networks
caravanserai: seriies of inns and day houses along Silk road, provided saftey along routes, broucght merchants to gether which led to cultural and technological transfers
money economyL used paper money to facilitate exhchange (1st introduced in China “flying money”
credit
1200-1450
Indian ocean network
-thoutough understanding of monsson winds made trade possible
-large bulk was common goods like textiles and spices
1200-1450
causes of Indian ocean expansion
magnetic compass
imporved astrolabe
new ship designes: Chinese Junk
various forms of credit
1200-1450
effects of Indian Ocean trade expansion
growth of cities: swahili-city states along African’s eats coast, acted as brokers for goods origniating from entirior, grew in wealth, traded gold, ivory, enslaved people
-under influence of islamic merchants, became Islamic and connected to trade with world of Dar-al-Slam
-diasporic communities: settlement of ethnic people in a location other thant their homeland (Arabs and persians in East Africa)
-new languages: swahili (bantu and arabic)
1200-1450
Zheng He
sent by China’s Ming Dynasty to go throughout Indian ocean, enrolling states in China’s tributary sytem
-technological and social transfers: advanced maritime technology
1200-1450
Trans Saharan trade Network
exapnded because of innovations in technology: camel saddle-led to development of increasing welath and power in various states:
empire of Mali: conversion of leadeershio to Islam, traded gold with west africa, Mansa Musa: ruled under Empire’s height, further monopolized trade between north and interior of Africa
1200-1450
concequeces of connectivity
- transfer of religion: spread of Islam/ Hinduism; Buddhism orgigionated in S. Asia and entered China via Slik Road
- literary and artistic: House of Wisdom and Bagdahd
- Scientific and Technological Innovations: GunpowderL invented in China, spread to muslim empires then later E. Europe when mongols came, altered balance of power
- Rise and Fall of cities: hang Zhou China: situated at one end of Grand Canal became wealthy and urbanized; fall: Baghdad destroyed by Mongol armies
- travelers who wrote abt their experiencesL Marco Polo, Ibn Battua
1200-1450
enviromental effects of connectivity
transfer of crops: champa rice produced excess food and population growth
desiese: bubonic plaugue began in China and carried by rats and flees through trade
1200-1450
Mongol Empire
facilitated trade routes on Silk Road
-established largest land-based empire of all time (song and abbasid fell to mongols)
-networkds of trade increased mongol rule: silk road plourished when large empires controlled it bc they provided saftey
-facillitated techonological and cultureal trasnfers: condditions for transfer of Greek and Islamic medical knowldge to W. Europe (from house of wisdom), Mongol adoption of Weager Script (written language from Turkic Muslims)
1200-1450
land-based empires
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Qing Dynasty/Manchu Empire
1200-1450
Ottoman Empire
expansion through gunpowder weapons
-conquered Constantinople and renamed Istanbul (fall of Roman Empire)
ChirstiansL enslaved them and converted to Islams, trained and put into a military forced called Jannisaries
-Sunni Muslim: rightful successor of Muhhammad could be anyone spiritually fit
1200-1450
Safavid Empire (middle east)
Shai Ishmai: under rule, conquered nehiboring terirories
Shah abbasL built up army, adopted gunpowder weapons
-enslaved army of christians (from caucasus region)
-Shia Muslim (only blood relatives of Muhammad were his legitimate sucessors)
1200-1450
Mughal Empire
babur: led campaigns agaisnt Deli Sultunate (muslimt) and began Mughal rule in south asia, expanded militarily through gunpowder weapons
-Akbar: expanded empire further, toleraant of other religioins under Muslim rule (majority Hindu)
1200-1450
Qing Dynasty/ Manchu Empire
-ethnically Han (chinese); no more outsiders
manchu: set up Qing Dynasty in place of Ming, expanded and conquered using gunpowder
1200-1450
Safavid-Mughal Conflcit
-series of wars over territories in Afghanistan
-territories origionally ownded by Mughal who were off fighting, unavle to drive off Safavids, intesnsified religious confilcit between Sunni and Shi’as
1200-1450
Ottoman’s administration
-fromation of a large bureaucracy, devrshrime system
-staff bureaucracy with highly trained indiviuduals, top preformers of enslaved crhistians appointed to positions in bureaucracy
1200-1450
religion, art, architecture to justify power
Europe: divine right of kings, palace of versailles
Qing China: Emperor Kangi gung imperial portraits around city
Inca: Sun temple, (high religious festivals, rulers associated with gods)
1200-1450
innovations on tax collection systems
tac farming: ottoman, right to tax subjects of empire was awarded to hightest bidder
Zamindar system: Mughal, Zamindars wew elite landowners who were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on behalf of imperial gov’t
tribute lists: Aztects, used to generate wealth
1200-1450
Christianity
Rome: center of religion and roman Catholic Church (plagued w/ corruption like simony {buying way into positions of power in church} and indulgences)
-martin luther: catholic monk disturbed by abuses, nailed 95 thesis to church, excommunicated, printing press spread his ideas
-protestant reformation: increased Chirstianity in Europe, RCC contintued to doninante (concil fo trent: catholic cleaned up some corruption)
1200-1450
Islam
intesnsified because of political rivalired; led to rights and weakening of Safavid (Shia) army
1200-1450
Sikhism (South Africa)
-syncretic belnd of both Hindu and Islamic doctrine
-belief in one god, cycle of reincarnation, disregared gender hierarchies and caste system
1450-1750
Causes of European Expansion
- adoption and innovation of Maritime techonogies
- growth of state power
- economics
1450-1750
adoption and innovation of martime technologies
Europe
-technologies came from Classical greek, Islamic, and Asian worlds (magnetic compass {china}, astrolabe {ancient greece/ arab}, lateen sail{ arab}
-innovations of Europeans: caravel {portugues ships], imporved understanding of regional wind patterbs
1450-1750
growth of state power
Europe
-monarchies growing powerful at extent of nobility, overland trade getting increasingly expensive, European states has a big incentive to find other routes to Asia which would allow them to trade on thei own terms
1450-1750
economics
Europe
mercantilism; state driven economic system that charactersized imperial European states, measured gold in wealth and silver, farovable balance of tradeL states organize economies around exports and avoid imports, colonies existed only to enrich imperial states
-joint-stock company: limited liablity buiness funded by a group of provate investors (dutch east india company who had a monopoly on indian ocean trade)
1450-1750
Establishing martime empires
Portugal
-intertest from golf trade in Africa entering Indian Ocean, established trading post empire around coast of Africa and throught Indian Ocean
-put factories to control trade
1450-1750
establishing maritime empires
Spain
-b/c of portugal’s achivements, Spanish crown sponsored chrisophor clombus to sail accross Atlanitc for a western route to asian spice trade
-led to increased spanish voyages to the “New World”; increased and claimed world of colonization and opening of Trans Atlantic Trade
-colonized Phillipeans and AmeircasL by tribute collecting, coerced labor
1450-1750
establishing maritime empires
France
-financed expiditions for North Atlantic Sea route, established presence in candada (acess to fur trade and indigenous peoples)
1450-1750
establishing martime empires
England
financed expeditions and colonialized Americas (roanoke, VA was 1st settlement)
1450-1750
establishing maritime empires
Dutch
-gained independence from Spain, controlled many parts of Indian Ocean, monopoly over spice trade
1450-1750
resistance from some asian states against intrustion of western powers in indian ocean
Tokugawa jaoan: experiencing unity under shogunate, at 1st open to foreign trade for gunpioweder weapons, shogun kicked out westeners and supressed Chirstianity b/c of growing number of christian japanese
1450-1750
Columbian Exchange
transfer of new desieses, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
1450-1750
food and plants
columbian exchnage
to new world: olives, wheatm grapes, rice, bannanas, sugar
-to old world: potatoes, maize (contributed to healthy population, longer lifespan
cash croppingL method of agriculture that focuses on growing crops (usually one) primarily for export; grew in establishemnt of plantations in Americans b.c of demands for crops in Europe
1450-1750
Animals
Columbian exchange
Europeans to americasL pigs, sheep, cattle, horse
horseL used for agricultural work, enabled indigenous plains people to hunt buffalo more effectivley
1450-1750
resistance in European states
France: heavily adopted doctrine of absolutism, the Fronde: series of rebellions because for imperialist expansion, raised taxes on citizens, led by peasants and nobels, rebellion crushed
1450-1750
resistance from enslaved
Marron SocietiesL Carrabean and Brazil; free societies of Black people, mainly made up of runaway slaves,
1450-1750
expansion of African states
- Asante empire (w. Africa): provided Gold, ivory, and enslaved people to European traaders, made them wealthy, expanded and consolidated political power over more of region
- Kingdom of the Kongo (S. Africa): diplomaticies w/ portuguese and provided them w/ gold, copper, enslaved people, King of Kongo converted to Chirstianity in order to facilitate trade with christian states, led to expansion of congolese power and wealth