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1
Q

Great Compromise

(creating constitution)

A

how people would be represented in the new congress

Virginia Plan v New Jersey Plan

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2
Q

Virginia Plan

A

congressional represenatives should be apportioned by population

Big states would have more represenatives and thus more power

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3
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

each state should be represented equally w/ one vote per state

small states have disporportionate amount of power

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4
Q

result of great compromise

(creating constitution)

A
  1. Bicameral congress: house of represenatives and congress
  2. electoraal college
  3. 3/5ths compromise
  4. question of slavery
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5
Q

electoral college

A

state legislature have power to decide who those poeple are

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6
Q

3/5ths compromise

A

3/5 of enslaved population would count towards representation

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7
Q

slavery

(creating constitution)

A

congress couldn’t touch slavery for 20 years after the constitution was greated, then its trade would be abolished
-article V

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8
Q

Article V

A

-two state process to amend constitution: proposal +radification
-an amendment may be proposed either by congress or states at special convention
-2/3 vote needed to become official
-amendment then sent to states for radification and 3/4 of state legislatures/state ratifying conventions needed to agree to make Amendment law

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9
Q

legislature

checks and balances

A

congress: proposing and making laws (no other branches can make laws)
stake holders: acess points for people
senate: advice and consent any appointments that the president makes to any federal office has to be approved

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10
Q

executive

checks and balances

A

veto: if congress passes a law, president can veto
-congress can overide veto w/ 2/3 vote

executing and enforcing the law

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11
Q

Judicial

checks and balances

A

judicial review: courts porragative to judge laws passed by Congress and signed by the president on merits of constitutionality

determenting constitutionality of laws

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12
Q

federalism

A

the sharing of power between the national and state governments

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13
Q

exclusive powers

A

specifically delegated by the constitution to the federal gov

ex: only congress can make treaties w/ other soverign nations

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14
Q

reserved powers

A

kept by the states
10th amendment

ex; police powers, hospitals, education

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15
Q

10th Amendment

A

powers not delegated to US by constitution nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states

“reserved powers”

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16
Q

concurrent powers

A

powers shared by both federal and state governments

ex: income tax

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17
Q

fiscal federalism

A

GRANTS!!!

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18
Q

categorical grants

A

granst given to the states (by Congress) as long as states comply with specific federal standards

ex: used to promote raising drinking age with $ for interstate highways

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19
Q

block grants

A

given to the states for a relativley broad purpose
-still limits

ex: prevention of crime

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20
Q

Mandates

A

requirements states have to follow, provided funds to meet mandates

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21
Q

Unfunded mandates

A

issued mandates with no funds
-struck fown in “devolution revolutioin” under pres Ronald Regan

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22
Q

federalim

Issues of power

A
  1. gov survallience:
    a. after 9/11 USA patriot act to track future terrorists by deferal agencies phone tapping and monitoring email ( for security)
  2. No child left behind: schools had to meet criteria to recive funding
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23
Q

14th Amendment

A

-applies bill of rights to the states

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24
Q

commerce clause

A

allows congress to regulate commerce among states

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25
Q

necessary and propwe clause/ elastic clause

A

article I section 8, make any kaw needed to uphold powers in constiution

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26
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

-example of ‘balance of power tipping in federal gov’s advantage”
-necessary and proper clause implied certian powers given to the federal gov’t even if they arent explecitly mentioned in constitution
-supremancy clause ment where the two conflict, federal law trumps state law

federalism

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27
Q

United States v. Lopez

A

-ex of power tipping towards states
-congress had used commerce clause to ban guns on school property, court decideded that carrying guns to school is in noo way related ti interstate commerce

federalism

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28
Q

federalism in action

A

enviromental regulations: Paris agreement (obama) impoaed regulations on states
-legalization of marijuana (1996) Claifornia legalized medically, can see what works on small scale to try on a larger scale

federalism

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29
Q

bicameral

legislative branch

A

two houses needed to pass a law

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30
Q

House of Represenatives

legislative branch

A

by population, serve 2 years, know constituency better, 435 members

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31
Q

senate

legislative branch

A

2 per state, 100 members, 6 year terms, more constitutional responsibilities than house, less able to know constituency

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32
Q

coalltions

legislative branch

A

to make law process more effectibe
-durability of workong relationships are effected by term length differences

senate: longer lasting

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33
Q

Enumerated powers

legislative branch

A

explicity listed in Aricle I section 8 of constitution
-federal funding, foreign policy, unitary legislation

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34
Q

funding

legislative branch

A

raise revenue through taxation, coin $ for uniform currency, pass a federal budget

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35
Q

foreign policy/military legislation

legislative branch

A

power to declare warm raise armies, pass draft laws, direct funding to armed forces

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36
Q

implied powers

legislative branch

A

congress can pass any law that is required by enumerated powera, end of article I section 8 (necessary and proper/ elastic clause)

ex: Alecander Hamilton argued necessary and propwer cause allowed for establishment of a national bank

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37
Q

House Leadership

Legislative branch

A
  1. speaker of the house
  2. minority and majority leaders
  3. whips
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38
Q

speaker of the house

Legislative branch

A

-house memebers will chose this leader, speaker will always be of majority party

house

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39
Q

Majority and Minority Leaders

Legislative branch

house

A

direct debates, guide their party members in policy issues

house

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40
Q

Whips

Legislative branch

A

1 for each party, render party discipline, make sure party mebers walk in line with party goals

house and senate

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41
Q

Senate leadership

Legislative branch

A
  1. president of the senate
    2.president Pro Tempore
    3.. Senate Majority Leader
  2. Whips
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42
Q

president of the senate

Legislative branch

A

VP, non-voting member, votes tp break tie

senate

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43
Q

President Pro Tempore

Legislative branch

A

most senior member of majority party, has authroity to act as pres of senate when VP is not present

senate

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44
Q

Senate Majority Leader

Legislative branch

A

sets legislative agenda (which bills reach the floor)

senate

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45
Q

Committee

Legislative branch

A

small groups of represenatives who can debate and draft legislation

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46
Q

standing committees

Legislative branch

A

comittees that endure a long time
ex: senate: Standing Comittee on budgjet
house: House Judiciary Committee

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47
Q

joint committees

Legislative branch

A

members from both the house and senate
ex: joint comittee on the library of congress

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48
Q

select committees

Legislative branch

A

temporary and created for a specific purpose
ex: Watergate investigation

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49
Q

Conference Committees

Legislative branch

A

formed to reconcile differences in legislation

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50
Q

House rules

Legislative branch

A

mandate limited debate
-hous rules committee
committee of the house
discharge petition

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51
Q

house rules committee

Legislative branch

A

decides which bills make it to floor for debate

house

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52
Q

Committee of th Whole

Legislative branch

A

includes all 435 represenatives

house

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53
Q

discharge petiotion

Legislative branch

A

used to force bill out of committee for debate and voting

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54
Q

Senate Rules

Legislative branch

A

unlimited debate/ fillibuster
-unanimous consent

senate

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55
Q

fillibuster

Legislative branch

A

an attempt to stall or kill a bill by talking for a very long time
-cloture rule: 3/5ths vote to end fillibuster

senate

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56
Q

unanimous consent

Legislative branch

A

can agree to limit debate in order to avoid fillibuster; any objection=a hold

senate

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57
Q

how a bill becomes a law

Legislative branch

A
  1. introduced by either house
  2. assigned to a committee and may undergo changes
  3. if bill passes, goes to president for signing
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58
Q

federal budget

Legislative branch

A

-created by congress
-mandatory spending and discressionary spending + deficit

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59
Q

mandatory spending

Legislative branch

A

payments required by law.

ex: entitlement spending (social security), Medicare, Medicade, interest oayments on debt

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60
Q

Discresionary Spending

Legislative branch

A

all funds remaining after mandatroy spending, paying federal employees

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61
Q

deficit

Legislative branch

A

gap between budget and actual funds available

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62
Q

Models of Representation

Legislative branch

A

Trustee, Delegate, politico

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63
Q

Trustee model

Legislative branch

A

they have been entrusted witth the people’s faith to vote acoording to represenatives best judgement

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64
Q

delegate model

Legislative branch

A

they must vote with will of peop;e, evwn if it goes against their judgement

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65
Q

politico model

Legislative branch

A

a belnd between trustee and deleagate model, vote depends on situaton

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66
Q

redistricting/ gerrymandering

A

redrawing of boundries represnatives represent

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67
Q

Baker v. Carr

A

TN had not redrawn districts i over 60 years, Urban population had grown greater than rural
-violated equal protection clause of 14th amendment, one person one vote: distrcits must be drawn in order to evenly distribute voting power
-apportionment issues are justicible

redistricting/ gerrymandering

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68
Q

Shaw v Reno

A

constitutionallity of drawing districts based on race, racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional

redistricting/ gerrymandering

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69
Q

formal powers

executive branch

A

in constitution
ex: veto, commander in chief (head of military, executive agreements (between other states)

`

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70
Q

informal powers

executive branch

A

pocket veto, barganning and persuasion, executive order, signing statement, cabinet, ambassadors, white house staff, federal court

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71
Q

pocket veto

executive branch

A

if a bill doesnt sign a bill in 10 days

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72
Q

executive order

executive branch

A

has force of federal law, mainly direct actions of military and bureaucracy

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73
Q

signing statement

executive branch

A

informs nation how executive branch interprets law

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74
Q

cabinet

executive branch

A

presidential team of advisors who lead each of the exceutiveagencies

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75
Q

ambassadors

executive branch

A

to go to other countries

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76
Q

White house staff

executive branch

A

employed with no congressional confirmation

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77
Q

executive communication

executive branch

A

“bully pulpit;” pres can speak directly to the people
ex: state of the union, radio/TV, social media

trump: “tweeter in chief”

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78
Q

struture of judicial branch

judical branch

A

bottom–> top
U.S district courts (94), U.S Circut Court of appeals (12), Supreme Court (1)

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79
Q

US District courts

judical branch

A

have origional jurisdiction (rigth to hear case for the 1st time)

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80
Q

US Circut Court of Appeals

judical branch

A

appelate jursidiciton (hear appeals from other courts)

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81
Q

Supreme Court

judical branch

A

had both otigional and appellate jurisdiction depening on type of case

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82
Q

Federalist 78

A

Hamilton argues independence of judicial branch acted as a protection for its power,lifetime appointment, right of judicial review

judical branch

83
Q

Marbury v Madison

A

cemented power of judical review

judical branch

84
Q

judicial activism

judical branch

A

idea that court acts to establish policy and considers more thanjust constitutionality of decision, considers broader effects on society

85
Q

judicial restraint

judical branch

A

a law should only be struck down if it violates the written word of the constitution

86
Q

checks on judical branch

A

president can appoint new judges, lack of enforcement (of decisions) by executive gov, legislatio to invalidate decision

87
Q

bureaucracy

A

falls under authority of executive branch

88
Q

Structure of bureaucracy

A
  1. Cabinent Secretaries
  2. agencies
  3. commissions
  4. government coorporations
89
Q

cabinet secretaries

bureaucracy

A

leaders of 15 executive departments

department of Energy, homeland security, Department of Defence

90
Q

Angencies

bureaucracy

A

work together to accomplish goals of the departement

IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

91
Q

comissions

bureaucracy

A

regulatory groups who operate somewhat independently from the president
-run by a board of individuals
-usually created for a specific purpose

ex: Federal communications comissions (FCC)

92
Q

government coorporations

bureaucracy

A

hybrid of buisness and government agency
-aquires buisnesses when they want to offer a public good for free

ex: PBS

93
Q

delegated discrestionary authority

bureaucracy

A

authoriy given by congress on how to make rules and carry out laws

94
Q
A
95
Q

compliance monitoring

bureaucracy

A

establish rules or certian industries, making sure industries are complying with rules
-issue fines when laws are violated

96
Q

iron triangle

bureaucracy

A

buraucratic agents, comgressional commitees, and interest groupd rely on eachother to create policy
-members of congressional comitties helped by interest groups:
1. provide them with policy information
2. provide campaign donations if the represenativeis sympathetic to groups goals
-hinders or helps:
1. interest groups activity can be influenced by inequality of political and economic recources
2. unequal access to decsion makers

97
Q

examples of bureaucratic departments

bureaucracy

A
  1. homeland security: protects from terrorism; maintains and controls noarders
  2. Transportation: exactly.
  3. Veteran’s AffairsL manages veterans hospitals, general welfare
  4. Education: overseas states and their implentation of federal educational standards
  5. enviromental protection agency
  6. federal elections comission

president appoints members, but cannot fire regulatory commission heads

98
Q

merit system

bureaucracy

A

examination required to enter buraucratic agencies

99
Q

checks on bureacuracy

A
  1. congress can hold commitee hearings to ensure laws are being upheld in a way that reflects its intent (can call on agencies to testify)
  2. power of the purse: comgress allocates funds to differentangenices and spending has to be chekced
  3. bureaucratic decisions can be challanged in court
100
Q

bill of rights

A

-1st 10 amendments in constitution designed to protect civil liberties
-protect citizens from intrusion by vederal government

federalists: in favor of powerful centeral gov so james madison didnt feel need for bill of rights; compromised and included it
anti federalists: in favor of powerful states, wouldnt sign a constitution w/o a bill of rights

101
Q
A
102
Q

1st amendment

A

protects freedoms of speech, religion, pressm assembly, and petition

103
Q

2nd amendment

A

keep and bear arms

104
Q

4th amendment

A

protetcts against unreasonable seaches and seizures of personal property

105
Q

5th amendment

A

deals w/ rights of citizens when they are accused of a crime

106
Q

6th amendement

A

explains process for when a perso is accused of a crime and explains protection to which they are entitled

107
Q

7th amendment

A

guarantees right to trial by jury

108
Q

8th amendment

A

proetcts against creul and unusual punishment

109
Q

9th amendment

A

if there are rights not mentioned, their exclusion from the list doesnt mean such rights aren’t protected

110
Q

10th amendment

A

any powers not explicitly granted to the federal government by constutution are given to the states

111
Q

religious freedom

1st amendment

A

balance between religious practice of majority and free exersize of minority religious pratice
establishment clause; Johnson amendment

112
Q

establishment clause

1st amendment

A

congress cannot establish any national religion

113
Q

Johnson Amendment

1st amendment

A

churches recieving tax exemption their preachers cannot endorse canidates

114
Q

Engel v. Vitale

A

court ruled state-sponsored praters in public schools unconstitutionsl

1st amendment

115
Q

Wisconsin v. Yoder

A

compkained Wisconisn Law of compulsary school violated free exersize clause of their religion, court agreed

1st amendment

116
Q

Tinker v Des Moines

A

-students in Iowa wore black armbands in support against vietnam war + were suspended
-court agreeded 1st amendment rights have been violated
no act of disruption, only dear of disruption

1st amendment

117
Q

clear and present danger rule

A

Shenck v US: handing out pamphlets that promoted going againts draft
-pamphlets incited unlawful action, this speech created a clear and present danger to society

1st amendment

118
Q

Brandenburg test

A

new standard for “clear and present danger rule” determening harmfulness of speech

119
Q

prior restraint

1st amendment

A

when a goc tries to restrict a story prior to publicaiton, very high standard

ex; NYT V US

120
Q

New York Times v. U.S

A

Pentagon papers leaked to NYT and Wahsington Post, demonstrating Nixion lied, he envoked prior restaint
-court ruled freedom of press more than prior restraint; heavy pursumption

121
Q

McDonald v. Chicago

A

-applied Heller decision and its commitment ot individual liberty for gun owenership to the states

2nd amendment

122
Q

selective incorporation

A

process by which bill of rights is applied to the states

ex: 14th amendment, McDonald V Chicago

123
Q

Mcdonald v. Chicago

A

-impossible to own a handgun, if second amendment allowed citizens of washington DC to own handguns, that should be the case for states

-selective incorpotation through 14th amendment

124
Q

due process of law

A

-required to accuse anyone of a crime/ when governement wants to infringe on someones rights
5th amendment: federal gov
14th amendment: applies 5th amendment to states

125
Q

civil liberties

A

constitutionally established guarantees and freedoms that protect citizens against arbitrary government interference

126
Q

exclusionary rule

A

evidence gathered in violation of the 4th amendment will be excluded from a person’s trial

127
Q

Gideon v Wainwright

A

-incorporated 6th amendment to states
-Gedeon tries in a FL court w/o a lawyer and got comvicted, appealed, and won

128
Q

right to privacy

A

court established right to privacy as an implicit right based on: 1st, 4th, 5th, 9th, and 14th amendments

129
Q

Griswold v. Connecticut

A

-gov cannot ptohibit contraceptives to a marries couple, gov couldnt infringe om couples rightss to privacy when making decisons about their health

right to privacy

130
Q

Roe v. Wade

A

when a woman couldn’t recieve an abortion in texas, ryled right of personal privacy included abortion decision, can be considered against state resitrictions, not absolite may be tempered by states unless mother;s health.life is at risk

right to privacy

131
Q

Letter from a Brinmingham Jail

A

King argues that he and his fellow demonstrations have a duty to fight for justice.
 It is up to the oppressed to take charge and demand equality.
 Segregation is used to debase one population (blacks) while uplifting another (whites), which makes it
immoral in the eyes of God. Immoral laws are laws that are neither just nor fair. According to St.
Augustine’s logic, unjust laws aren’t actually laws, so they don’t have to be followed. King believes
people are under a moral obligation to oppose segregation by refusing to abide by the so-called laws
that govern the practice.
 White Americans who say they agree with the notion of desegregation but criticize the manner in
which civil rights activists go about achieving it are the biggest obstacle standing in the way of racial
equality. The demeaning and “paternalistic” attitude of white moderates shows a lack of real
understanding about the realities of segregation. It is this group that perpetuates the notion that time,
not human intervention, will be the great equalizer—which discourages others to join the campaign for
civil rights.
 The civil rights movement will ultimately be successful because “the goal of America is freedom.” MLK’s respone to white clergy men who said protests should wait

BIG IDEA: The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause as well as other constitutional provisions
have often been used to support the advancement of equality.

132
Q

19th Amendment

A

1920 recognized women’s right to vote

133
Q

National Organization for WOmen (NOW)

A

wanted to pass ERA

134
Q

civil rights act of 1965

A

banned descrimination based on sex; weakly enforced

135
Q

Title IX

A

guranateed women would have the same opportunities as men in educational institutions that recived federal funding

136
Q

“dont ask dont tell” policy

A

under Clinton, gay men and women can serve in the military, but they cannot tell anyone they are gay and the military wil ont ask
-Obama overturned, openly gay people can serve

137
Q

Plessy v Fergason

A

seperate but equal doctrine established

138
Q

Brown v Board of Edu

A

noverturned sperate but rqual doctrine and ordered that schools be intergrated
-racial segregation is inherently unequal

139
Q

voting rights act of 1965

A

illegal to descriminate against voters

140
Q

debate on affirminive action

A

affirmitive action: policies enacted that cater groups who have been historically discriminated against
debate: is i constitutional to hve nminority quotas in various institutions? is the constitution colorblind?

141
Q

dejure segregation

A

racial desrimination by law

ex: Jim Crow

struck down by Brown v. Board of Edu

142
Q

de facto segregation

A

racial segregation by personal choice

ex: the Great Migration of black americans to the north led to many whites to flee to suburbs

143
Q

conservatives

A

cherish established institutions ans seek to preserve themselbes for the good of society

144
Q

liverals

A

push for reforms to make society more just and equal

145
Q

American core values

A
  1. individualism
  2. equality of opportunity
  3. free enterprise
  4. rule of law
  5. limited government
146
Q

individualism

liberal v conservative

A

c: value self-centered indiciudalism, emphaisizes individual above society
l: value enligjhtened individualism emphaiszes interests of society above interests of individual

147
Q

equality of opportunity

liberal v conservative

A

c: believe in power of meritocracy, every on in America rises based on their own toil
L: agree with idea of meritocracy w/ conditionl believe not all groups start and the same plae

148
Q

free enterprise

liberal v conservative

A

c: want the gov to stay out of the affairs of buisness and allow the free market determine what’s best
l: want gov to intervene with appropriate regulations to enaure saftey and equality in the work place

149
Q

Rule of Law

liberal v conservative

A

c: see laws themselves as embodying equality, emphaiseze letter of the law
l: embrace need of governement intervention in society, for sake of the greater good

150
Q

factors of political socialization

A

family, schools, peers, media, civic groups/religion, globalization

151
Q

changes in ideolohy

generational effects

A

older: more likely conservatibe
younger: more likely liberal

silent generation: great depression, Roosevelt expaneed power with new deals policy, trust in gov to intervene
baby boomers: watergate scandal, loss trust in gov
millineals: 9/11 terrorist attacks from US intervention, keep sense of foreign policy

152
Q

process of writing a good poll

A
  1. ?s are free from bias
  2. presenting ?s to a small, random group of people
  3. generalizing results to larger population
153
Q

opinion poll

A

feel for public opinion on a topic/ issue

154
Q

benchmark poll

A

gives basis to compare to other polls to check canidates progress

155
Q

tracking polll

A

track how a group feels abt an issue over time

156
Q

entrance/ exit poll

A

conducted at voting sites to ask people how they voted/ will vote

157
Q

bandwagon effect

A

people are more likley to support a canidate who is polling well

158
Q

ways polls fail

A

-social desirability answer: people choose an answer they dont follow through with
-non-responce bias: certian groups are more likely to respond to public opinion polls than others

ex: 2016 election polls predicted a Hillary win

159
Q

fiscal policy

A

decisions governement makes about spending and taxation

160
Q

monetary policy

A

decisions government makes about how much money should be in the economy

federal reserve

161
Q

federal resesrve

A

can take money in an out of economy by:
1. buying/selling government bonds
2. setting reserve requirements
3. setting interest rate

162
Q

keynesian economics

A

fiscal policy, FDR during Great depression made new deal
-more government spending

liberal

163
Q

supply side economics

A

fiscal policy less governement tax and welfare, less government regulations on buisness, support buisness and supply/demand

conservative

164
Q

libertarian ideology

A

least amount of governement intervention, minimal government programs, gov should only protect property

165
Q

24th amendment

A

abolished poll tax

166
Q

26th amendment

A

lowered voting age from 21 to 18

167
Q

voting models

A
  1. rational choice voting
  2. retorspective voting
  3. perspective voting
  4. party line voting
168
Q

rational choice voting

voting models

A

person votes based on individual self interest, carefully studies issues and platforms

169
Q

retrospective voting

voting models

A

person votes based on recent past track record of politician in question

170
Q

prospective voting

voting models

A

person votes on predictions on how a party/canidate will preform in the future

171
Q

party-line voting

voting models

A

person votes for all canidates of their party

172
Q

structural barries to voting

A

voter ID laws

173
Q

political efficacy

A

citizens belief about whether or not their vote matters

174
Q

what factors effect how a person votes?

A

1.party identification/ideological orientation
2.canidate character
3.political issue
4.religion/gender/race/age

175
Q

linkage institutions

A

societal structures that connects people to their government
ex: political parties, interest groupds, elections, media

176
Q

duties of party platform

A
  1. mobilization and education of voters
  2. write and publicsh party platform
  3. find quality canidates
177
Q

why can’t 3rd parties win

A

winner take all voting districts
-incorporation of 3rd party agendas ito the two major parties

178
Q

interest group

linkage institution

A

group of poeple who gatger around a policy issue in order to pursuade policymakers to pass legislation favorable to the group
1. educare voters and officeholders on issue
2. engage in lobbying
3. draft legislation
4. moblilize its members to apply pressure on and work with legislators and governement

ex: PETA, NRA, NAACP

179
Q

how social and protest movements influence policy

A
  1. good at getting nations attention
  2. intertest groups draft potential legislation to present to law makers
  3. political parties and bureau agencies get involved
  4. burau agencies figure out rules and regulations needed to execute and nimplement law
  5. law is implemented well or not (if not cycle repeats)
180
Q

electing president

A
  1. primaries/ caucuses
  2. general election
181
Q

primary elections

A

memebers of party vote on which canidate they want to respreant them in the general election

182
Q

open primaries

A

any registered voter can vote in either parties primary, but not both

some states, like Georgia

183
Q

closed primaries

A

only people registered with the party can vote in those primaries

some states like New York

184
Q

caucuses

A

some states dont hold primaries to elect nominee, instead of voting priavtley peole discuss and debate together and they vote publically, whoever is chosen is presented at a national convention

185
Q

incumbency advantage

A
  1. already has won an election, so know how its done
  2. people will know how they will act as president
  3. already has volunteers and fundraisers ready to help with another campaign
186
Q

electoral college

A

each state has same # of electors as congressional represenatives
-to win election, canidate needs a minimum of 270 electoral votes
-winner take all system

exception: Main and Nebraska which have rules that allow them to split electoral votes

187
Q

congressional elections

A

-occur every 2 years; 1/3 of senators up for reelectoin
-midterm elections: happen halfway through presidents term

188
Q

incumbency advantage (congressional elections)

A

more pronounced than in presidential elections
-90% of incumbents win their election
-name recognition track record, established funding, safe distrcits

189
Q

why has money spend on campaigns risen?

A

-increase length of election cycle
-increasing complexity of campaigns
-canvassing: calling/emailing voters
-advertising

190
Q

federal elections campaign act (FECA)

A

created a new federal comission called the Federal Election Comission to oversee and regulate money being spent on campaigns

191
Q

Federal Elections comission

A

estabished limits for how much money a person could give to a presidential candiate and how much money a canidate could spend on their eoection

192
Q

hard money

A

contributions given directly to a canidate

193
Q

soft money

A

money donated not to a canidate but to a party interest/group who can buy adverstising on the canidates behald (not subject to campaign laws)

194
Q

citizens United v FEC

A

buckley v. Valeo: court ruled that limitation on individual and corporate contributions to campaigns were constitutional
-this case challanged limits, court ruled limits on contributions from individuals and corporations was a violation of free speech

195
Q

political action committee (PAC)

A

raise $ for sake of influenceing their preffered canidate

196
Q

connected PAC

A

formed by coorporations or entites like labor unions
-only collect funds from members of organization, money can be donated directly to canidates in limited quantities

197
Q

non-connected PAC

A

formed indepently from an organization, usually arounda specific public interest, donnations to non-connected PACs are limited by law

198
Q

super PAC

A

can be formed by anyone
-can accept unlimited donations
-cannot directly coordinate with a caniate

199
Q

role of media

linkage institution

A

watchdog agency: media holds gov responsible to people

200
Q

Federalist 10

A

a strong, united republic would be more effective than the individual states at controlling “factions”
 a large republic will help control factions because when more representatives are elected, there will be
a greater number of opinions. Therefore, it is far less likely that there will be one majority oppressing
the rest of the people

201
Q

Brutus I

A

a series of essays written by Robert Yates, a New York judge who was opposed to the new U.S Constitution. These essays argued that the proposed constitution would lead to an overly powerful central governments
 a bill of rights was necessary to protect the people from the government

202
Q

Federalist 51

A

addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government.

BIG IDEA: The Constitution created a competitive policy- making process to ensure the people’s will is
accurately represented and that freedom is preserved.

203
Q

Federalist 70

A

rgues in favor of the unitary executive created by Article II of the United States Constitution.

BIG IDEA: The presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers.

204
Q

Federalist 78

A

the federal courts “were designed to be an intermediate body between the people and their legislature

BIG IDEA: The design of the judicial branch protects the Supreme Court’s independence as a branch of
government, and the emergence and use of judicial review remains a powerful judicial practice.

AP gov (5 decks)

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