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AP Computer Science Principles > AP Exam > Flashcards

AP Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

computer science

A

the study of information and information processes

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2
Q

binary numbers

A

study it

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3
Q

list the binary numbers in order from least to greatest

A

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

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4
Q

What is the value of the binary number 1111 1111?

A

255; not 256

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5
Q

computing innovation

A

a novel or improved idea, device, product, or the development that includes a computer and/or program code as an integral part of its functionality

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6
Q

information

A

Details, Facts, Figures, Statistics…
Sounds, Expressions, Smells…
Text, Images, Video, Audio…

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7
Q

What is the big idea with binary numbers?

A

All digital information can be represented with just 0’s and 1’s

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8
Q

demo devices

A

A lot if information is shared between computers - images, videos, emails, passwords, etc.
Instead of a new system for each piece of information, they can do so using a very basic system.

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9
Q

What number do computer scientists start counting at

A

0; not 1

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10
Q

Flippy Do

A

The paper device used for beginner computer scientists trying to learn binary

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11
Q

bit

A

A contraction of “Binary Digit”; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1

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12
Q

byte

A

8 bits

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13
Q

nibble

A

4 bits

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14
Q

decimal number

A

a base 10 number with ten possible different digits

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15
Q

How many numbers can be represented with two binary bits?

A

3 numbers; 01, 10, 11

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16
Q

representing decimals in binary

A

used with a decimal point; 1000.0110; exponents are negative; some numbers, like 0.39 can’t be represented

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17
Q

overflow error

A

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large

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18
Q

Round-off Error

A

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded

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19
Q

abstraction

A

text -> ASCII -> binary

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20
Q

ASCII

A

the most common character encoding format for text data in computers and on the internet

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21
Q

analog data

A

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.

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22
Q

Digital Data

A

Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values

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23
Q

sampling

A

A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.

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24
Q

hexadecimal

A

Hexadecimal is a numbering system with base 16. It can be used to represent large numbers with fewer digits. In this system there are 16 symbols or possible digit values from 0 to 9, followed by six alphabetic characters – A, B, C, D, E and F

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25
Q

meta data

A

data that describes other data

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26
Q

abstraction layers in color images

A

digital image layer -> sample layer -> pixel layer -> binary layer

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27
Q

lossless compression

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.

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28
Q

lossy compression

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

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29
Q

computing device

A

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

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30
Q

computing system

A

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

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31
Q

computing network

A

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

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32
Q

path

A

the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

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33
Q

bandwidth

A

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second

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34
Q

protocol

A

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

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35
Q

Internet Protocol (IP)

A

a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

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36
Q

IP Address

A

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet

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37
Q

router

A

A type of computer that forwards data across a network

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38
Q

redundancy

A

the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network

39
Q

fault tolerant

A

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups

40
Q

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A

A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets

41
Q

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

A

A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered

42
Q

datastream

A

Information passed through the internet in packets

43
Q

packet

A

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all

44
Q

packet metadata

A

Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message

45
Q

scalability

A

the capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands

46
Q

The Domain Name System (DNS)

A

the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses

47
Q

World Wide Web

A

a system of linked pages, programs, and files

48
Q

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A

a protocol for computers to request and share the pages that make up the world wide web on the Internet

49
Q

digital divide

A

differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.
Can affect both individual and groups.
Raises ethical concerns of equity, access, and influence globally and locally.
Affected by the actions of individuals, organizations, and governments.

50
Q

net neutrality

A

the principle that internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites.

51
Q

internet censorship

A

the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet

52
Q

user interface

A

the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics

53
Q

input

A

data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text

54
Q

output

A

any data that are sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text

55
Q

sequential programming

A

program statements run in order, from top to bottom.

No user interaction
Code runs the same way every time

56
Q

event-driven programming

A

some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press

57
Q

debugging strategies

A

keep your code clean, run your code frequently, use classmates and resources

58
Q

documentation

A

a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed

59
Q

comment

A

form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs

60
Q

iteration

A

a sequence of instructions that is continually repeated

61
Q

IDE

A

An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that helps programmers develop software code efficiently

62
Q

API

A

application programming interface; a way for two or more computer programs to communicate with each other

63
Q

expression

A

a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value

64
Q

variable

A

a reference to a value or expression that can be used repeatedly throughout a program; holds one value at a time

65
Q

assignment operator

A

allows a program to change the value represented by a variable

66
Q

boolean value

A

a data type that is either true or false

67
Q

comparison operators

A

<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression

68
Q

boolean expression

A

evaluates to either true or false

69
Q

function

A

a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”

70
Q

function call

A

a command that executes the code within a function

71
Q

global variable

A

Permanent. Can be used anywhere in your code.

72
Q

local variable

A

Temporary. Can be used only in the part of the code where it was created, like inside an onEvent(). Deleted once the onEvent() is done running.

73
Q

transversals

A

A way to travel through all the elements of a list.

74
Q

intellectual property

A

a work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a manuscript or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.

75
Q

abstraction

A

the process of removing elements of a code or program that aren’t relevant or that distract from more important elements

76
Q

high vs. low level programming languages

A

A high-level language is one that is user-oriented in that it has been designed to make it straightforward for a programmer to convert an algorithm into program code. A low-level language is machine-oriented. Low-level programs are expressed in terms of the machine operations that must be performed to carry out a task.

77
Q

parameter

A

subvalue within a line of code
example: function addNumber ( x , y ) -> x and y would be the parameters

78
Q

concetanate

A

the operation of joining two strings together

79
Q

HyperText Markup Language

A

HTML; the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser

80
Q

algorithm

A

A series of steps to follow to accomplish a task.

81
Q

Algorithms’ three building blocks

A

sequencing - putting steps in order
selection - deciding which steps to do next ( if else statement)
iteration - doing some steps over and over (loop)

82
Q

elegant style

A

when you achieve the maximally satisfactory effect with minimal effort, materials, or steps

83
Q

programming style

A

a term used to describe the effort a programmer should take to make his or her code easy to read and understand

84
Q

efficiency

A

a measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm

85
Q

linear search

A

a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked.

86
Q

binary search

A

a search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated

87
Q

Reasonable Time

A

Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear, square, cube, etc.) are said to run in a reasonable amount of time

88
Q

unreasonable time

A

Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time

89
Q

polynomial

A

n-squared makes the graph curve up
reasonable

90
Q

exponential

A

“2 to the n” term the graph curves up very quickly.

91
Q

Decision Problems

A

“Is there a path?”

92
Q

Optimization Problems

A

“What’s the shortest path”?

93
Q

Heuristic

A

provides a “good enough” solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible

94
Q

Undecidable Problem

A

a problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer

AP Computer Science Principles (5 decks)

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