AP European History Quarterly Exam #1

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

• 1300s to 1600s
• Began when humanism was discovered
• Ended when Rome was sacked in 1527
• Renaissance culture applied mostly to upper class

Question 2

Italian City-States

Answer 2

• Venice, Genoa, and Milan developed trade
• Competition between city-states did not let Italy unify itself politically
• Florence was dominated by the Medici family
• Milan was an enemy of Florence and Venice
• Peace of Lodi (1454) created relative peace in northern Italy

Question 3

Decline of Italian City-States

Answer 3

• France invaded Italy in 1494
• Milan’s despot “the Moor” invited French King Charles VIII to invade Naples, Milan’s enemy
• Medici family was overthrown when Florence tried to appease France
• Venice, the Papal States, HRE, and Spain became an alliance
• Sack of Rome (1527) was the end of the Renaissance in Italy

Question 4

Humanism

Answer 4

• Rediscovery of Greek and Roman philosophy, art, and literature
• Strong belief in individualism and acquiring knowledge by oneself
• Virtu: the quality of being a man
• Secularism: interest in things that are not religious
• Civic humanism: education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs
• Petrarch: father of humanism

Question 5

The Reformation

Answer 5

• Protestant Reformation + Catholic Reformation
• Reformation influenced the development of western civilization
• Protestantism was adopted by Northern European states
• Catholic/Counter Reformation responded to Protestant Reformation, half successful
• Destroyed religious unity of Western Europe

Question 6

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

Answer 6

• Babylonian Captivity
• Great Schism
• Conciliar Movement to reform church and give church council more power than the pope

Question 7

Corruption in Catholic Church

Answer 7

• Selling of indulgences: people paying money to the church so they would “erase” their sins
• Nepotism: favoring family members in the appointment of Church offices
• Moral decline of the papacy
• Many priests abused their power

Question 8

Critics of Catholic Church

Answer 8

• John Wyclif: Bible is the sole authority
• John Hus: ideas similar to Wyclif; was burned at the stake because of his “heretical” views
• Erasmus: criticized corruption in Church; encouraged Christians to make religion a personal experience
• Ulrich Zwingli: used Greek New Testament
• John Calvin: influenced by humanism
• Martin Luther: 95 Theses

Question 9

Martin Luther

Answer 9

• Wrote 95 Theses criticizing the corruption of the Church
• Johann Tetzel was forced to sell indulgences by Pope Leo X
• Luther challenged Church authority
• Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520
• Diet of Worms: Charles V demanded Luther to take back his writings; Luther refused and was therefore outlawed as a heretic by the HRE
• Luther translated the Bible into the vernacular; due to printing press created by Johann Gutenberg, the Bible was spread for personal interpretation

Question 10

Lutheranism in Germany

Answer 10

• Charles V sought to stop the spread of Protestantism
• German Peasants Revolt: Twelve Articles, 1525 -> German peasants demanded an end to serfdom and feudalism
• Luther was disgusted with the violence of the revolt so he sided with the German Princes so the revolt could end
• League of Schmalkalden (1531): German princes (newly Protestant/Lutheran) formed this league in order to defend themselves against Charles V’s decision to recatholicize Germany
• Catholic unity in Germany never occurred again

Question 11

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Answer 11

• Peace of Augsburg (1555) ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism temporarily
• Princes in Germany could choose their own religions for their territories
• Reaffirmed the independence of German states

Question 12

Other Protestant Religions

Answer 12

• John Calvin, Calvinism: believed in predestination
• King Henry VIII, Anglicanism: god existed in father, son, and the holy spirit
• Ulrich Zwingli, Anabaptism: criticized infant baptism

Question 13

Catholic Reformation

Answer 13

• A response to Protestantism and critics within the Church that abuses needed to be reformed
• Pope Paul III sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine
• Council of Trent: came to an agreement regarding the Church; redefine Catholic doctrines
• Equal validity of Scriptures, salvation through both good works and faith, and all seven sacraments were valid

Question 14

Jesuits

Answer 14

• Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits
• Their three goals were:
  a) reform the church through education
  b) spread the Gospel to pagan peoples
  c) fight Protestantism

Question 15

Religious Pluralism + Main Conflicts

Answer 15

• Spain wanted to get rid of Protestantism in Western Europe.
• French Catholics wanted to get rid of Huguenots.
• The Holy Roman Empire wanted to re-impose Catholicism in Germany.
• The Calvinist Netherlands wanted to break away from Spanish rule.
• A civil war occurred in England between Puritans and Anglicans.

Question 16

Religious Wars To Know

Answer 16

• The Dutch Revolt
• Spanish Armada’s Attack on England
• French Wars of Religion
• Thirty Years’ War
• English Civil War

Question 17

The Dutch Revolt

Answer 17

• William of Orange led 17 provinces in the Netherlands and Flanders against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II: Philip wanted to crush the rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands.
• United Provinces of the Netherlands was formed in 1581: They received aid from England under Elizabeth I; The Spanish Netherlands: southern provinces remained under Spain’s control.

Question 18

Spanish Armada’s Attack on England

Answer 18

• Philip II (Habsburg ruler) wanted to re-impose Catholicism in Europe.
• Battle of Lepanto (1571): Spain defeated the Turkish navy + ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean.
• Queen Mary Tudor sought to re-impose Catholicism in England. When Mary Tudor died, Queen Elizabeth reversed Mary’s course through the “Elizabethan Settlement.” Elizabeth helped Protestant Netherlands in their revolt for independence from Spain.
• Philip planned to invade England in 1588. Spain’s navy fleets lay in ruins due to a raging storm in the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of England’s smaller but better-armed navy.

Question 19

French Wars of Religion

Answer 19

• After the death of Henry II in 1559, three noble families fought for the crown: Bourbons, Valois, and Guise (currently under the control of Valois).
• The three French kings were dominated by their mother, Catherine de Medicis. She fought to maintain Catholic control in France.
• Henry of Guise had a leader of the Huguenot party killed. Catherine de Medicis ordered the massacre of Calvinists in response.
• 20,000 Huguenots were killed by early October. The massacre, also known as St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, initiated the War of the Three Henrys.
• Henry IV was the first Bourbon king. Henry converted to Catholicism to gain the loyalty of Paris, but he privately remained a Calvinist for the rest of his life. He created the Edict of Nantes which allowed a degree of religious tolerance to Huguenots.

Question 20

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 20

• The Peace of Augsburg failed.
• Bohemian Phase: The HRE placed severe restrictions on Protestantism in its empire. Protestant forces were eventually defeated and Protestantism was eliminated in Bohemia.
• Danish Phase: Albrecht von Wallenstein was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE. He invaded northern Germany and won a number of battles against Protestant armies. The Edict of Restitution was when the emperor declared all church territories secularized since 1552 to be restored to the Catholic Church.
• Swedish Phase: Protestants liberated territory lost during the Danish Phase. The emperor annulled the Edict of Restitution. The Swedish army was defeated by the HRE in 1634.
• French Phase: Cardinal Richelieu allied with Protestant forces to defeat the HRE. The Habsburgs lost.

Question 21

English Civil War

Answer 21

• Since the reign of the Stuart king, James I, there had been a struggle between the king and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties. Both James I and Charles I believed in divine rights. The monarchy strongly defended the Anglican Church.
• Parliament was composed of Puritans and Presbyterians. Religious persecution of Puritans by Charles I became the biggest reason for the English Civil War. Civil war broke out in 1642.
• Oliver Cromwell led his New Model Army to victory over the Cavaliers. A division between Puritans and Presbyterians developed late in the war. Pride’s Purge (1648): All non-Puritans were removed from Parliament.
• Charles I was beheaded in 1649. The Interregnum (1649-1660): rule without a king. Cromwell became Lord Protector and instituted a Puritan dictatorship. Act of Settlement: Land was given to Protestant English colonists. Cromwell died in 1658. He was succeeded by his son Richard, who ruled ineffectively. Stuarts were restored to the throne under Charles II in 1660.

Question 22

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Answer 22

• Renewed the Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism as a faith.
• The Catholic Reformation ended in Germany; Germany remained divided.
• The dissolution of the HRE was confirmed.
• The Netherlands and Switzerland gained their independence from Spanish rule.
• The pope was denied the right to intervene in HRE affairs.
• France, Sweden, and Brandenburg received various territories.
• The two Habsburg branches were weakened.

Question 23

Results of the Thirty Years’ War

Answer 23

• Germany’s population perished.
• Germany was further divided by the decline of the HRE.
• It ended the wars of religion.
• It marked the beginning of the rise of France.
• Balance of power diplomacy emerged in Europe.