Ap Euro Term 1 Flashcards
13th Century
Aristotle’s Children in Spain re-examine the works of Aristotle
14th Century
Petrarch, “The Father of the Humanists”, defends secular humanism
***14th Century-1527
roughly the Italian Renaissance—Europe begins “modernization”—individualism, humanism, realism, secularism, skepticism
***1453
Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks ends the Byzantine Empire and Moscow becomes the “3rd Rome ‘’ for Eastern Orthodox Christians
***1452
Gutenberg publishes the Bible on a printing press–1st Printing press in the West. Along with the use of the vernacular, this makes literacy increase
1453-1485
War of the Roses in England
1469
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile begins the process of Spanish unification
***1492
”RECONQUISTA” or “reconquest” of Spain is completed by the Roman Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella who began the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain; beginning of Spanish policy of religious orthodoxy
***1492
Columbus sailed the ocean blue marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the New World during the Era of Exploration, Expansion and Exploitation
***1513
Machiavelli published The Prince, an illustrative example of realism and secularism in the Renaissance
***1516
Erasmus, “The Prince of Humanists”, an example of the Northern Christian Humanists publishes his Praise of Folly
***1200-1700
Witchcraft craze in Europe
***1500’s or 16th Century
Price Revolution
***1517
Protestant Reformation Begins as Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses
1498
The great Roman Catholic zealot Savonarola is burned at the stake following his attempt to rid Florence of the excesses of Renaissance materialism
***1521—1648
Era of Religious Wars in Europe
***1524-26
German Peasants’ Revolt inspired by Protestant Reformation ends in failure as the princes/aristocrats reassert serfdom in the Holy Roman Empire
***1527
Sack of Rome is usually used to mark the “end” of the Italian Renaissance and the transfer of the center of Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
***1529
The Ottoman Turks lay siege to Vienna thereby distracting the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (remember the “repeating map”) from prosecuting his war against the rebellious Lutherans within his empire
***1530’s
Henry VIII of England is an example of the “New Monarchs” who take power away from the nobility by:
centralizing taxation with the establishment of monarchical bureaucracies,
monopolization of force within a nation,
creation of Royal Courts
***1492-1800
Slave trade increases dramatically
***1517-1648
Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter Reformation
**1534
Protestantism comes to England as Henry VIII seeks a divorce and establishes a state controlled Church of England (a.k.a. Anglican Church)
1536
John Calvin begins working to reform the city of Geneva
***1540
Loyola’s “Society of Jesus”, or Jesuits, is recognized as an integral part of the Catholic Reformation
***1545-63
Council of Trent meets to decide how to reform the Catholic Church
1546-55
Schmalkaldic Wars batter Germany
***1555
Peace of Augsburg ended the civil wars in Germany round I
1556
The Hapsburg lands are split between Philip II of the Spanish Branch and Ferdinand I of the Austrian branch
***1567
Dutch Wars of Independence and Religion against Philip II
1553-1558
“Bloody Mary’s” attempts to re-Catholicize England backfires when the burning of over three hundred Protestants proves to rather unpopular
***1598
Edict of Nantes gives French Huguenots religious rights ending the French Wars of Religion
***1588
The Spanish Armada Fails in Its Crusade Against Protestant Elizabethan England
***1562—1598
The French Civil Wars of Religion and Politics
1603
Stuarts Family Comes to Power in England and Begins a Century of Political and Religious Conflict
***1598
Philip II “The Most Catholic Monarch’’ of Spain dies
1628
The English Parliament passes the Petition of Right against the wishes of Charles I
***1639-1646
English Civil War round I erupts
1648-1658
Puritanical Protestant Oliver Cromwell rules over the “Commonwealth Period” in English history
1649
-Charles I is executed
-A group of English Radicals called Levelers demand equal suffrage
***1651
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan in opposition to the English Civil War and supporting SECULAR ABSOLUTISM
1660-1688
Stuart Restoration in England
1660
The English public tires of Puritan rule and the Stuarts are restored to the throne
***1688, 1689
Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
***1688
John Locke publishes his Second Treatise on Government
***1648
Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War
1618
-Defenestration of Prague Begins Round Two of Religious and Civil War in HRE
***1598-1661
17th century France following the Edict of Nantes until Louis XIV—Consolidation of Monarchical Authority
1650’s
Cardinal Mazarin who ruthlessly employs “divide and conquer” methods against the rebellious nobility quells The French Fronde, or rebellion against the authority of the King
***1661-1715
Louis XIV assumes personal direction of his affairs and begins his reign as the “Sun King”
***1543-1680’s
Age of Genius: Scientific Revolution
***1543
Copernicus challenges the Aristotelian view of the universe
***1642
Galileo dies and Newton is born indicating the growing and evolving Scientific Revolution
17th Century
Known as the Century of Genius as Bacon, Descartes lead the path toward a greater understanding of the universe—Scientific Revolution
1687
Newton publishes “Principia”—proving heliocentric theory using calculus
1652
The master artist Rembrandt of Holland is symbolic of the glory days of the Dutch state
1650-1700
Golden Age of Holland and Sweden
1492-mid-19th century
Slave trade makes many a Christian extremely wealthy
***1683
Ottoman Turks laid siege to Vienna before Leopold I, Habsburg ruler begins to push the Turks back through the Danube River basin marks the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans Peninsula
***1450-1650 and beyond
The Commercial Revolution
***1689-1789
The Era of Enlightenment or Age of Reason
***1776
Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations
***1689
English Bill of Rights
1712-1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
***1701-1713
Wars of Spanish Succession
***1713
Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession benefits the English, Prussians, and other members of the Grand Alliance opposing the “Sun King.”
Early 18th Century in England
Walpole becomes leader of government as de facto Prime Minister as England develops Party Politics
***1698-1725
Peter the Great Begins Westernization of Russia
1700-1721
Great Northern War between Swedes and Russia ends with Russian expansion and emergence as the Great Baltic power
1713
The Pragmatic Sanction is signed
***1740
-Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria come to their respective Hohenzollern and Habsburg thrones and begin German dualisms duel
1740-1748
War of Austrian Succession between Frederick’s Prussia and Maria Theresa’s Austria begins
***18th century
Rococo Art and Mozart
1756
Diplomatic Revolution
1756-63
The Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) is fought showing colonial rivalries
***1780-1790
Reign of Josef II of Austria