AP Eng 3 Fall Semester Exam Flashcards
Allegory
Form of a metaphor; the meaning of a person, object, or action resides outside the story, the concrete is within the story. An allegory is a fictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts
Alliteration
The repetition of consonant sounds.
Analogy
Presents a resemblance to two things even though they are different
Anaphora
The intention repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of each stanza, paragraph, sentence, etc.
Antithesis
Strongly contrasting words
Aphorism
A short witty statement
Chiasmus
A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed.
Concrete details
Details used in a persuasive paper which attempt to convince the reader: proof or evidence
Diction
Word choice; denotation = dictionary definition; connotation = associated ideas, concepts, emotions the word suggests.
Euphemism
A mild or pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate, or simply less pleasant idea. (I.e.) the word ‘departed’ substitutes ‘dead’.
Imagery
A mental picture conjured by specific words and associations, but there can be auditory and sensory concepts as well.
Litote
Figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. Ex. “He’s no fool” implies that he is wise
Metaphor
Two unlike things are compared directly, without ‘like’ or ‘as’
Metonymy
Figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it. Ex. ‘Crown’ relates to royalty.
Onomatopoeia
An effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning.
Paradox
A contradiction that has a truth
Parallelism
A literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures in a series in order to develop an argument or emphasize an idea.
Polysyndeton
The deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or verbs
Syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning in which pieces of evidence are used to create a new conclusion. Ex. “All children are imaginative; Sam is a child; therefore Sam is imaginative.”
Synecdoche
Using one part of an object to represent the entire object (Ex. Referring to a car as “wheels”)
Synesthesia
the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body.
Cause/Effect
Shows the reasons why things happen, and the effects of those causes
Comparison/Contrast
Shows how subjects are alike/different
Description
Takes a subject and describes it very well
Definition
Defines a subject in a fuller or more extended manner
Exposition
A writing meant to explain, inform, etc.
Narrative
Tells a story or narrates an event
Persuasion
Attempts to get the audience on the authors side
Ethos
Appeals to ethical principles
Logos
Appeals to reason or logic
Pathos
Appeals to emotions
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from general to specific
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from specific to general
Concession
Accepting that a part of the opposing sides argument may be true
Refutation
Negation of an argument or opinion
Ad hominem
Means “to the man”; an argument that attacks the opposing speaker or person rather than addressing the issues at hand
Ad populum
Means “appeal to people”; a fallacy that an argument concludes to be true because most people believe it
Ad misericordium
An appeal to pity; a fallacy that tries to exploit the opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt
Begging the question
A fallacy that omits the minor premise and goes directly to the conclusion
Circular reasoning
A fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with
Either/or fallacy
A fallacy that omits at least one additional and valid option
False analogy
A fallacy that assumes since two things are alike in one situation that they are alike in another respect
Faulty cause (post hoc ergo propter hoc)
Indicates that a casual relationship has erroneously been assumed from a merely sequential one. ex. “Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”
Hasty generalization
A fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence
Poisoning the well
Fallacy where irrelevant things information about a target is preemptively presented to the audience
Absolutes (words/phrases)
Words :Words free from limitations or qualifications (best, all, etc.)
Phrases: Has a subject, but no acting verb. Modifies a whole sentence.
Antecedent
When pronouns refer back to the previous noun or pronoun in a sentence.
Clauses
Any combination of subject or verb which makes a complete sentence. If the subject-verb combination expresses complete meaning, the clause is independent. If not, the clause is dependent.
Subordinating conjunctions
A conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause, ex. Although, because, etc.
Understatement
When the author assigns less significance to an event or thing than it deserves
Formal diction
High leveled writing that creates an elevated tone without the use of slang, idioms, colloquialisms, and contractions.
Semi-formal diction
Uses standard language and vocabulary and may use contractions.
Informal diction
The language of everyday use; relaxed and conversational; may include slang, idioms, etc.
Dialect
A form of a language that is peculiar to a specific group
Didactic diction
Diction that is intended to teach, may have moral instruction
Invective diction
Insulting and critical diction
Irony
the expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite
Jargon
special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
Pedantic
Bookish and scholarly in tone; often boring and dull due to little interest on the part of the listener
Sarcasm
A bitter expression of disapproval; sometimes intended to be harsh and hurtful; levels of intensity exist
Satire
To ridicule or mock ideas, people, events, or doctrines, or to make fun of human foibles or weaknesses. Ex. “Gulliver’s Travels”
Subjective
Expressing in a personal manner of your convictions, beliefs and ideas; a subjective response is likely to be emotional.
Antagonist
The force against the protagonist, a person, nature of the person’s psyche
Artificial setting
Man-made settings
Author’s purpose
To persuade, inform, entertain, etc.
Details
Specifically described items placed in a work for effect and meaning
Language
The style of the sentence and the vocabulary used in conversation and written communication. Ex. Slang, formal, parental, didactic, common, etc.
Point of view
The particular perspective from which a story is told.
Rhetoric
The art and logic of a written or spoken argument.
Rhetorical features
All of the parts of tone: diction, imagery, details, language, and sentence structure
Rhetorical shift
Changing from one tone, attitude, or distance to another. Look for transitional words such as but, however, even though, although, yet, etc.
Setting
The time and place in which the events in a work occur.
Theme
The central idea of the work.
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
Transcendentalism
an idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures.
Puritanism
A religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries in which Puritans sought to “purify” the Church of England.
Rationalism
a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
A dark romantic who lived in Salem, Massachusetts. Famous works include “The Scarlett Letter”
Frederick Douglass
A former slave born in Tuckahoe, Maryland wrote about the horrors and dark truth of slavery
Ralph Waldo Emerson
An American essayist, whom led the transcendentalist movement in the 19th century; famous works include “Nature”, “Beauty”, “Commodity”, and “Self-Reliance”.
Henry David Thoreau
An American essayist, also an abolitionist, who was a transcendentalist. Famous works include “Where I Lived and What I Lived For”.
Edgar Allen Poe
An American writer and critic, who is best known for his poetry. One of his famous works includes “The Fall on the House of Usher”.
Edward Abbey
An American modern romantic, who most wrote about the Western deserts. One of his famous works includes “The Serpents of Paradise”.
Carl Sagan
An American astronomer and science writer. He was controversial in his scientific, political and religious views on some issues. A famous work of his was “The Pale Blue Dot”.
Robert Finch
A nature writer living in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. He lives near Cape Cod and writes about it for 40 years. One of his famous works is “Very Like a Whale”.
