AP - clinical bias

Question 1

Clinician vaiables

Answer 1

○ Schema/ stereotypes
○ Abilities
§ Perspective taking
§ Self-reflection
§ Tolerance for uncertainty/difference.
○ Cognitive biases
§ Confirmation bias
□ Desire to seek information to confirm previously held beliefs
§ Illusory correlation
□ Identifying a relationship that doesn’t exist.

Question 2

Patient variables

Answer 2

○ Reporting bias
§ You only seek help for mental health if you believe you have one.
○ Illness is personal reaction to disease and heavily influenced by culture.

Question 3

Somatization

Answer 3

○ Expressing psychological symptoms in a physical form.

§ Linked to reporting bias

Question 4

Expression of behviour

Answer 4

○ Stereotype threat

○ Cultural expressions

Question 5

Furnham and Malik (1994) aim

Answer 5

□ Investigate cross cultural beliefs on depression.

Question 6

Furnham and Malik (1994) context

Answer 6

□ They were finding an explanation why British Asians (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) rarely diagnosed with depression.

Question 7

Furnham and Malik (1994) theories

Answer 7

□ Depression is western phenomenon and British Asians are healthier
□ British Asians doe experience depression but underutilize mental health institutions.
□ British Asians present psychological problems somatically
® Diagnosed with physical disease instead.
□ Reporting bias

Question 8

Furnhm and Malik (1994) Sample

Answer 8

□ 152 middle class females participated.
			® Middle aged 35-62
			® Younger age 17-28
		□ Half were classified Native British
			® Raised and educated in Britain.
		□ Half were classified Asian origin
			® Raised in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh

Question 9

Furnham and malik (1994) Procedure

Answer 9

□ All participants filled out questionnaires that targeted symptoms of depression and beliefs about depression and anti-depressive behaviour.

Question 10

Furnham and Malik (1994) Conclusion

Answer 10

□ Perception of depression differed between British and Asian.
□ Differences less pronounced in younger women showing the effect of globalization.
□ Asian Middle-aged women reported being depressed significantly less than the other 3 samples.
® Attributed to individualist-colelctivist dimension.

Question 11

Lin, Carter, Kleinman (1985) method

Answer 11

• Reviewed the clinical records of
○ Chinese
○ Filipino
○ Vietnamese
○ Laos
• A distinction was made between refugees and immigrants.
Half of the Vietnamese patients were refugees from the war.

Question 12

Lin, Carter, Kleinman (1985) results

Answer 12

Somatization was defined as weak somatic symptoms such as headache, abdomen pain, dizziness and insomnia in the absence of a clear aetiology.
○ Patients with somatization were more likely to have large household sizes with low education and English proficiency
§ Indicating traditional culture
§ Lack of social support in the new country

Question 13

Lin, Carter, Kleinman (1985) conclusion

Answer 13

○ The more traditional the patient was the more prone they were to somatization.
○ Refugee status was also a very important contributor to somatization.