ap chem Flashcards
exo rxns
feels hot, heat is product, temp up
endo rxn
feels cold, heat is reactant, temp goes down
delta H of rxn
bonds broken - bonds formed (reactants - products)
Breaking bonds is
endo
Forming bonds is
exo
If a rxn is exo, then bonds formed in the ___ are stronger than the ____ bonds
products, reactants
If a rxn is endo, then bonds formed in the ___ are stronger than the ____ bonds
reactants, products
Increase in moles of gas is
+ dS
What is Keq when dG is (-)
Keq>1
negative dG is ____ favored
product favored, forward rxn
What are rxns not proceeding at a normal rate called?
Under kinetic control due to high activation energy
What is the effect of catalysts and inert gases on equilibrium
No effect
Higher energy level means
Farther away from nucleus, less Columbic attraction, lower 1st ionization energy
Moving right across a row means
Increased Zeff, higher nuclear attraction of valence e-, atomic radius decreases, ionization increases
Peak corresponds to
Number of e- in subshell
Isotopes have
same number of protons but dif number of neutrons
Mass spectroscopy measures
atomic masses of isotopes
Elements in the same group
Same vertical column have similar chemical and physical properties
Which is smaller cations or anions and why?
Cations because valence e- is removed and anions have extra valence e- added which increases repulsions
Metals are on the ___ side of the zig zag
left
Nonmetals are on the ___ side of the zigzag
Right
Covalent metals are formed when
two nonmetals share electrons
Carbon makes ___ bonds
4
What are the diatomic elements
H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 (horses need oats for clear brown eyes)
Are asymmetrical molecules polar or nonpolar?
Polar because dipoles don’t cancel
Is lattice energy exo or endo
Endo
What two factors affect lattice energy?
Increases as charge increases, decreases as radius increases
Formal charge formula
valence electrons - [lone electrons + (1/2)(bonded electrons)]
