AP Chapter 4

Question 1

Behavior Genetics

Answer 1

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

Question 2

Environment

Answer 2

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes.

Question 4

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Answer 4

A complex molecules containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Question 5

Genes

Answer 5

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.

Question 6

Genome

Answer 6

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.

Question 7

Identical Twins

Answer 7

Twins who develop from a single (monozygotic) fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

Question 8

Fraternal Twins

Answer 8

Twins who develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brother and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity or intensity.

Question 10

Molecular Genetics

Answer 10

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

Question 11

Heritability

Answer 11

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritablity of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Question 12

Interaction

Answer 12

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (Such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

Question 13

Epigenetics

Answer 13

The study of influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change.

Question 14

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 14

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

Question 15

Natural Selection

Answer 15

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Question 16

Mutations

Answer 16

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

Question 17

Gender

Answer 17

In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Question 18

Culture

Answer 18

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Question 19

Norm

Answer 19

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

Question 20

Individualism

Answer 20

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Question 21

Collectivism

Answer 21

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extending family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Question 22

Aggression

Answer 22

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Question 23

X Chromosome

Answer 23

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X Chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Question 24

Y Chromosome

Answer 24

The sex chromosome only found in males. When paired with X chromosome from mother, produces male child.

Question 25

Testosterone

Answer 25

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 26

Role

Answer 26

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the positions ought to behave.

Question 27

Gender Role

Answer 27

A set of expected behavior for males or for females.

Question 28

Social Learning Theory

Answer 28

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Question 29

Gender Identity

Answer 29

Our sense of being male or female.

Question 30

Gender Typing

Answer 30

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 31

Transgender

Answer 31

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.