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AP Psych > AP Chapter 2 > Flashcards

AP Chapter 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell; basic building block of nervous system

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1
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Concerned with the links between biology and behaviour. Includes psychologists in neuroscience, behaviour genetics and evolutionary psychology.

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body.

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3
Q

Axon

A

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscle or glands

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4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enabling vastly greater transmission speed as natural impulses hop from one node to the next.

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5
Q

Action Potential

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.

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6
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response.

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7
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called synaptic gap or cleft.

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps. When released by by sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel and bind to receptor sites on receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

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9
Q

Reuptake

A

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

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10
Q

Endorphins

A

“Morphine within” natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

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11
Q

Nervous System

A

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system.

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12
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the CNS with muscles, glands and sense organs.

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15
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

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16
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

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17
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor output.

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18
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles, also called “skeletal nervous system”

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19
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It’s sympathetic division arouses; it’s parasympathetic division calms.

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20
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The division of the ANS that arouses body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

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21
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.

22
Q

Reflex

A

A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response.

23
Q

Endocrine System

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

24
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands , travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

25
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in time of stress.

26
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

27
Q

Lesion

A

Tissue destruction

28
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity on brains surface. Measured with electrodes on scalp.

29
Q

PET (positive emission tomography) scan

A

A visual display of the brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

30
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

A technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to product computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI scan shows brain autonomy.

31
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

A technique, for revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI shows brain function.

32
Q

Brainstem

A

The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions.

33
Q

Medulla

A

The base of the brainstorm; controls heartbeat and breathing.

34
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem; directs messages to sensory receiving area in the cortex and transmits reply to cerebellum and medulla.

35
Q

Reticular formation

A

A nerve network that travels through the brainstorm and plays important role in controlling arousal.

36
Q

Cerebellum

A

The “little brain” at rear of brainstorm; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

37
Q

Limbic System

A

Neural system (inc. hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotive and drives.

38
Q

Amygdala

A

Two lima bean sized neural clusters in the Limbic system; link to emotion.

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp.), help govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland, linked to

40
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

41
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking.

42
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking, muscle movements, making plans and judgement.

43
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Portion of cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and towards the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

44
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Portion of cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head, include areas that receive info from visual fields.

45
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas; each receiving info primarily from opposite ear.

46
Q

Motor Cortex

A

An area at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements.

47
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

Area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

48
Q

Association Areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental function such as remembering, thinking, and speaking.

49
Q

Plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

50
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The formation of new neurons

51
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The large band of neural fibres connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

52
Q

Split Brain

A

A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibres (mainly corpus Callosum) connecting them.

AP Psych (9 decks)

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