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AP Biology > AP bio chapt 9 > Flashcards

AP bio chapt 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and its role in heredity: Needed to show the three following…

A

DNA

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2
Q

Evidence: DNA in the Nucleus

A

Nuclein; Precipitation of DNA from White blood cell (WBC)

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3
Q

In 1868, Miescher:

A

Was extracting DNA from puss in wounds

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4
Q

Evidence: Doubles in the cell cycle

A

Flow Cytometry

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5
Q

Evidence: Twice as much in diploid cells

A

Further flow cytometry

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6
Q

Evidence: DNA is transmitted

A

NAME?

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7
Q

Bacteriophage:

A

Virus that attacks bacteria

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8
Q

Elucidating the structure of DNA: Why so key to know DNA structure? 2 important q’s:

A
  1. How is DNA replicated between cell division
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9
Q

Elucidating the structure of DNA: Crucial piece of evidence…

A

Crucial piece of evidence came from x-ray diffraction. Roseland Franklin

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10
Q

NAME?

A

Found: 2/28/1953

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11
Q

Double Helix: 4 key features:

A
  1. Double stranded.
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12
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

DNA from many species exhibited the certain regularities.

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13
Q

Structure Confers Function: 4

A
  1. Storage of genetic information
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14
Q

Structure confers function: 1. Storage of genetic information

A

We are looking at the nucleotide sequence: summarize by saying “Variations = differences”

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15
Q

Structure confers function: 2. Precise replication during cell division

A

complementary base pairing. This was huge as we now have a way of copying

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16
Q

Structure confers function: 3. Susceptibility to mutations

A

Change in sequence

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17
Q

Structure confers function: 4. Expression of coded information as phenotypes

A

DNA –> RNA –> Proteins

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18
Q

DNA replication is semiconservative:

A

They realized there must be a copying mechanism. Each parental strand is a template.

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19
Q

DNA replication is semiconservative: 2 general steps:

A
  1. DNA unwound
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20
Q

DNA replication is semiconservative: Ways to read the DNA.

A

The parent strand is read in a 3’ to 5’ manner. Nucleotides are added 5’ to 3’ direction.

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21
Q

Nucleotides added to new strand of DNA on 3’ end:

A

DYKNOW NOV 9 slide 5 look up and understand

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22
Q

Origin of Replication

A
  • Many ORi’s: 10,000-40,000 bases
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23
Q

DNA Replication and Primase: A ___ ___ is needed

A

Starter Strand is needed: primer

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24
Q

DNA Replication and Primase: Most of time is:

A

RNA

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25
Q

DNA Replication and Primase: _____ to template DNA

A

Complementary

26
Q

DNA Replication and Primase: Enzyme used called _______: definition

A

Primase: Able to add RNA nucleotides to the enzymatic strand to our replication complex getting started

27
Q

DNA Replication and Primase: Primer of RNA is eventually ______ and the whole strand is ____

A

degraded; DNA

28
Q

DNA Replication and Primase: _____ ______ catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing strand

A

DNA Polymerase

29
Q

DNA Polymerase:

A

15 ID’d DNA polymerase in humans

30
Q

DNA Replication - Strand

A

Function is to replace the primer.

31
Q

DNA Replication: Each ____ ____ requires…

A

Each Okazaki Fragment requires its own primer, synthesized by the primase.

32
Q

DNA Replication: ____ ____ adds nucleotides to the…

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotieds to the 3’ end until reaching the primer of the previous fragment.

33
Q

DNA Replication: A _____ ___ ______ then ______ ____ _____ with DNA.

A

A different DNA polymerase then replaces the primer with DNA.

34
Q

DNA Replication: The Final ________ linkage between fragments…

A

The Final phosphodiester linkage between fragments is catalzyed by DNA ligase.

35
Q

The Terminal Primer: Okazaki fragments are

A

Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand

36
Q

The Terminal Primer: When the last primer is removed…

A

When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3’ end to extend – a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end.

37
Q

The terminal primer: These are cut after…

A

These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after each cell division

38
Q

Telomeres

A

The area that gets chopped off at the end of cell division put a cap on the end to stabilize

39
Q

Telomerase:

A

The little lights at the end of the chromosome are called telomeres. They are highly repetitive.

40
Q

The older we get the shorter our _____ get.

A

telomerase

41
Q

Can add an RNA template with ______

A

telomerase.

42
Q

Telomeres: Facts

A

NAME?

43
Q

Telomerase: Facts

A

NAME?

44
Q

PCR -Polymerase Chain Reaction: Materials needed:

A

NAME?

45
Q

PCR Figure 9: 15

A

…

46
Q

DNA Repair Mechanisms

A

Two flavors of this. The top one is occurring while replication is taking place.

47
Q

Genetic mutations: Somatic

A

All but germ line DNA

48
Q

Genetic Mutations: Germline

A

Germline DNA

49
Q

Mutations can occur in:

A

Either coding or non-coding regions.

50
Q

Point Mutations

A

One nucleotide is different/single nucleotide change

51
Q

Point Mutations: list:

A

Silent

52
Q

Point mutations: silent

A

Silent: No effect

53
Q

Point mutations: Loss of function

A

loss of function of either the gene, or protein, or mRNA is non-functional

54
Q

Point mutations: Gain-of-Function

A

when you have a single nucleotide change, the mutation causes new protein function. If dominant inheritance; “always on”

55
Q

Point mutations: Conditional

A

Restrictive - mutant phenotype being expressed

56
Q

Point mutations: slide 12 dyknow nov 12

A

…

57
Q

Chromosomal mutations:

A

affect many many genes. Multiple changes

58
Q

Chromosomal mutations: Deletion

A

Removal of a chromosome segment.

59
Q

Chromosomal mutations: Duplication

A

when we have homologous chromosome break and swap DNA incorrectly.

60
Q

Chromosomal mutations: Inversion

A

reversed order

61
Q

Chromosomal mutations: Translocation

A

Non-homologous chromosomes exchange segments.

62
Q

Chromosomal mutations: slide 14 dyknow nov 12

A

…

AP Biology (8 decks)

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