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AP Human Geography > AP- All Cards > Flashcards

AP- All Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Concentration

A

The spread of something over a given area

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2
Q

Agricultural Density

A

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

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3
Q

Map

A

A two-dimensional or flat representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it

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4
Q

Parallel

A

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the Equator and at right angles to the meridians

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5
Q

Situation

A

The location of a place relative to other places

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6
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area

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7
Q

Site

A

The physical character of a place

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8
Q

Meridian

A

An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles

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9
Q

Section

A

A square normally one mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided town shape in the US into 36 sections

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10
Q

Scale

A

Generally the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

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11
Q

Resource

A

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use

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12
Q

Remote Sensing

A

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or others; long-distance methods

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13
Q

Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region)

A

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

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14
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another

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15
Q

Regional or Cultural Studies

A

A approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area

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16
Q

Projection

A

The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat mad

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17
Q

Principle Meridian

A

A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States

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18
Q

Prime Meridian

A

The meridian designated as zero degrees longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England

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19
Q

Longitude

A

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the Prime Meridian

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20
Q

Location

A

The position of anything on Earth’s surface

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21
Q

Latitude

A

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and a measuring distance north and south of the equator

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22
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

A law that divided much of the United States into townships to finance the sale of land to settlers

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23
Q

International Date Line

A

An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east, the clock moves back 24 hours.

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24
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to others other persons or places

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25
Q

Hearth

A

The region from which innovative ideas originate

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26
Q

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

A

The time in that time zone encompassing the Prime Meridian, or zero degrees longitude

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27
Q

Globalization

A

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

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28
Q

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

A system that determines the precise location of something on Earth through a series of satellite tracking stations and receivers

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29
Q

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

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30
Q

Functional Region (Nodal Region)

A

An area organized around a node or feral point

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31
Q

Formal Region (Uniform or Homogeneous Region)

A

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

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32
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

The spread of feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process

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33
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

A 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human actions.

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34
Q

Distribution

A

The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface

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35
Q

Distance Decay

A

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

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36
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

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37
Q

Density

A

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

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38
Q

Culture

A

The body of a customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

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39
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

The fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group

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40
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships

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41
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

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42
Q

Pattern

A

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area

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43
Q

Polder

A

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character

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44
Q

Possibilism

A

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human activities, but that people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

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45
Q

Township

A

A square, normally six miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships

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46
Q

Toponym

A

Name given to a portion of Earth’s surface

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47
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

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48
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected

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49
Q

Space-time Compression

A

The reduction in the amount of time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

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50
Q

Space

A

The physical gap or interval between two objects

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51
Q

Baseline

A

An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States

52
Q

Place

A

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic

53
Q

Physiological Density

A

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

54
Q

Mental Map

A

A representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located

55
Q

Uneven Development

A

The increasing gap in economic conditions between poor and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy

56
Q

Connections

A

Relationships between people and objects across the barrier of space

57
Q

Cartagraphy

A

The science of making maps

58
Q

Region

A

The third theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; an area on the Earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.

59
Q

Brain Drain

A

Large scale emigration by talented people

60
Q

Brain Gain

A

Large scale immigration of talented people

61
Q

Chain Migration

A

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or same nationality previously migrated there

62
Q

Circulation

A

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

63
Q

Artifact

A

Any object made by humans

64
Q

Material Culture

A

Tangible things that shape lifestyles/tradition

65
Q

Counterurbanization

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

66
Q

Emigration

A

Migration from a location

67
Q

Floodplain

A

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends

68
Q

Non-material Culture

A

Beliefs, values, and norms that shape society

69
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of adapting to a new culture

70
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

A geographic area that includes cultural resources and natural resources associated with the interactions between nature and human behavior

71
Q

Built Environment

A

The human made space in which people live, work, and recreate on a daily basis

72
Q

Core-domain-sphere Model

A

The place where concentration of cultural traits that characterize a region is greatest

73
Q

Cultural Convergence

A

Tendency for cultures to become alike through technology

74
Q

Culture Hearth

A

Any place where certain related changes in land-use appeared due to human domestication of plants and animals

75
Q

Cultural Region

A

The aspects of culture associated with an ethno linguistic group and the territory it inhabits

76
Q

Cultural/Environmental Perception

A

The concept that people of different cultures will definitely observe and interpret their environment and make different decisions about its nature, potential, and use

77
Q

Mentifact

A

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, etc.

78
Q

Sex Ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females in a population

79
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

80
Q

Infant Mortality Rate (IFR)

A

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a society

81
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

82
Q

Epidemiology

A

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidents, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

83
Q

Sociofact

A

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions

84
Q

Uniform Landscapes

A

Spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another

85
Q

Terrior

A

The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

86
Q

Taboo

A

A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs

87
Q

Popular Culture

A

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences and other personal characteristics

88
Q

Habit

A

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

89
Q

Folk Culture

A

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

90
Q

Custom

A

The frequent repetition of an act to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people preforming the act

91
Q

Cultural Trait

A

The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture

92
Q

Forced Migration

A

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors without the immigrant’s consent

93
Q

Guest Workers

A

Workers who migrate to LDCs from lower LDCs in search of higher paying jobs

94
Q

Immigration

A

Migration to a new location

95
Q

Internal Migration

A

Migration within the same country

96
Q

International Migration

A

Migration between countries

97
Q

Interregional Migration

A

Migration from one region of a country to another

98
Q

Intervening Obstacles

A

Feature of a landscape that hinders migration

99
Q

Intraregional Migration

A

Migration within the same region

100
Q

Migration

A

Form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent movement to a new location

101
Q

Migration Transition

A

Change migration pattern in a society that involves changes equal to demographic transitions

102
Q

Mobility

A

All types of movement from one location to another

103
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high percentage of the population

104
Q

Overpopulation

A

The number of people in an area exceeding the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

105
Q

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

A

The percentage of growth of a population in a year, CBR - CDR = NIR

106
Q

Medical Revolution

A

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poor countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries.

107
Q

Net Migration

A

Immigration - emigration = net migration

108
Q

Pull Factor

A

Induces people to move

109
Q

Push Factor

A

Induces people to leave

110
Q

Quotas

A

Laws: state max immigrants allowed in a country

111
Q

Refugees

A

Forced to migrate and can’t go back for fear of persecution and their health

112
Q

Epidemiologic Transition

A

Distinctive causes of death in each stage in the demographic transition

113
Q

Ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

114
Q

Non-Ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s that is not occupied by permanent human settlement

115
Q

Doubling Time

A

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

116
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

The number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

117
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of population characteristics

118
Q

Demographic Transition

A

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and a low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

119
Q

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

A

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society

120
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

Migration by choice

121
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied completely on hunting and gathering

122
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society

123
Q

Census

A

A complete enumeration of a population

124
Q

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A

A decline of TFR til NIR equals zero

125
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

The average number of children a women will have throughout her childbearing years

126
Q

Unauthorized Immigrants

A

Immigrants without proper documents

127
Q

Population Pyramids

A

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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