AP- All Cards Flashcards
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Map
A two-dimensional or flat representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the Equator and at right angles to the meridians
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Site
The physical character of a place
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles
Section
A square normally one mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided town shape in the US into 36 sections
Scale
Generally the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or others; long-distance methods
Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region)
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
Regional or Cultural Studies
A approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat mad
Principle Meridian
A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States
Prime Meridian
The meridian designated as zero degrees longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the Prime Meridian
Location
The position of anything on Earth’s surface
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and a measuring distance north and south of the equator
Land Ordinance of 1785
A law that divided much of the United States into townships to finance the sale of land to settlers
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east, the clock moves back 24 hours.
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to others other persons or places
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
The time in that time zone encompassing the Prime Meridian, or zero degrees longitude
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise location of something on Earth through a series of satellite tracking stations and receivers
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data
Functional Region (Nodal Region)
An area organized around a node or feral point
Formal Region (Uniform or Homogeneous Region)
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
Environmental Determinism
A 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human actions.
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface
Distance Decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Diffusion
The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
Culture
The body of a customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
Cultural Landscape
The fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
Cultural Ecology
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
Polder
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human activities, but that people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
Township
A square, normally six miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships
Toponym
Name given to a portion of Earth’s surface
Transnational Corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
Space-time Compression
The reduction in the amount of time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects
Baseline
An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States
Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Mental Map
A representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located
Uneven Development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between poor and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
Connections
Relationships between people and objects across the barrier of space
Cartagraphy
The science of making maps
Region
The third theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; an area on the Earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.
Brain Drain
Large scale emigration by talented people
Brain Gain
Large scale immigration of talented people
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or same nationality previously migrated there
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
Artifact
Any object made by humans
Material Culture
Tangible things that shape lifestyles/tradition
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Emigration
Migration from a location
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends
Non-material Culture
Beliefs, values, and norms that shape society
Assimilation
The process of adapting to a new culture
Cultural Landscape
A geographic area that includes cultural resources and natural resources associated with the interactions between nature and human behavior
Built Environment
The human made space in which people live, work, and recreate on a daily basis
Core-domain-sphere Model
The place where concentration of cultural traits that characterize a region is greatest
Cultural Convergence
Tendency for cultures to become alike through technology
Culture Hearth
Any place where certain related changes in land-use appeared due to human domestication of plants and animals
Cultural Region
The aspects of culture associated with an ethno linguistic group and the territory it inhabits
Cultural/Environmental Perception
The concept that people of different cultures will definitely observe and interpret their environment and make different decisions about its nature, potential, and use
Mentifact
The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, etc.
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in a population
Life Expectancy
Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
Infant Mortality Rate (IFR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a society
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Epidemiology
The branch of medical science concerned with the incidents, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people
Sociofact
The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions
Uniform Landscapes
Spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another
Terrior
The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
Taboo
A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs
Popular Culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences and other personal characteristics
Habit
A repetitive act performed by a particular individual
Folk Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
Custom
The frequent repetition of an act to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people preforming the act
Cultural Trait
The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture
Forced Migration
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors without the immigrant’s consent
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to LDCs from lower LDCs in search of higher paying jobs
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Internal Migration
Migration within the same country
International Migration
Migration between countries
Interregional Migration
Migration from one region of a country to another
Intervening Obstacles
Feature of a landscape that hinders migration
Intraregional Migration
Migration within the same region
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent movement to a new location
Migration Transition
Change migration pattern in a society that involves changes equal to demographic transitions
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high percentage of the population
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeding the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage of growth of a population in a year, CBR - CDR = NIR
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poor countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries.
Net Migration
Immigration - emigration = net migration
Pull Factor
Induces people to move
Push Factor
Induces people to leave
Quotas
Laws: state max immigrants allowed in a country
Refugees
Forced to migrate and can’t go back for fear of persecution and their health
Epidemiologic Transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage in the demographic transition
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Non-Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s that is not occupied by permanent human settlement
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics
Demographic Transition
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and a low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society
Voluntary Migration
Migration by choice
Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied completely on hunting and gathering
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society
Census
A complete enumeration of a population
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of TFR til NIR equals zero
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a women will have throughout her childbearing years
Unauthorized Immigrants
Immigrants without proper documents
Population Pyramids
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
