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Question 1

Crisis Diplomacy

Answer 1

Negotiations between global actors in response to crisis, most commonly concerning conflicts and national disasters, but also economic and health crises

Question 2

Crisis Diplomacy Example

Answer 2

UN Mediated Peace talks in 2016 in Geneva between the Syrian Government and oppositition.

Question 3

International Cooperation

Answer 3

When Global Actors work together to achieve common ideals and goals

Question 4

International Cooperation Example

Answer 4

2014 operation ‘Inherent Resolve’ involved 12 states initiating air strikes against Iraw and Syria.

Question 5

Unilateralism

Answer 5

A policy of acting alone, with little regard for the views or interests of other global actors, in pursuit of foreign policy objectives.

Question 6

Unilateralism Example

Answer 6

Obama has stated that he is willing to act unilaterally in striking Syria after the UK voted in August against military intervention.

Question 7

Causes of interstate conflict

Answer 7

Undemocratic system
Economic Development
Nationalism
War as an instrument of state policy
Cultrual differences

Question 8

Resolving armed interstate conflict

Answer 8

Diplomacy and Negotiation
Shuttle Diplomacy
Intervention and Occupation
Peacekeeping

Question 9

Causes of armed intrastate conflict

Answer 9

economics
geographic factors
ethnicity
fallout from an interstate conflict
justice seeking
security

Question 10

Responding to armed conflict

Answer 10

intervention
provision of a neutral military presence
technical economic assistance to facilitate growth
prosecuting war crimes

Question 11

Resolving armed conflict

Answer 11

less likely to be resolved through diplomacy

crush oponents

Question 12

Causes of terrorism

Answer 12

Technology
Social instability
States losing their monopoly of violence
Revolutionary socialism, nationalism, religoin
Publicity
Reactionary
Last resort to influence without standing army
Ease of weapons trade

Question 13

Responding to Terrorism

Answer 13

Anti-terrosim and counter-terrosim tactics
legalisation
intervention

Question 14

Causes of the Syrian Conflict

Answer 14

Geographic
Ethnic
Political
Arab Spring

Question 15

Geographic causes Of Syria

Answer 15

Syria borders Turkey, Iraw, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon and is geographically strategic.
A famine in 2006-2011 was the worst recorded and many rural Syrians were left in poverty and crammced into cities that already had high unemployment rates

Question 16

Ethnic Causes of Syria

Answer 16

Majority Sunni Muslim Arabs, but Syria also contained Christians, Catholics, Alawis, Shia Muslims, Yazidis, Jurds, Jews and Druze.
There is not national identity.

Question 17

Political Causes of Syria

Answer 17

Bashar Al-Assad succeeded his father in 2000, and while he initially attempted to improve international and domestic relations he reverted in 2001 to the regime of his father and impriosoned political advocates and caused dissonance.

Question 18

Arab Spring Causes of Syria

Answer 18

2010 Tunisia began a series of protests against a corrupt government, which sparked a series of protests across the Arab Penninsula in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen causing four governments to be overthrown by September 2012.
Syrians called for free and fair elections in 2011, but not Assad’s resignation. In March, security forces opened fire on protesters in Dara’a, killing four. Further crackdowns triggered anti-government protests.
May 2011 the death toll was 1000 people.

Question 19

Civil War Declared in Syria

Answer 19

July 2012

Question 20

Local Responses to Syrian Conflict

Answer 20

Syrian National Council formed to represent those opposed to rgime in 2011
Free Syrian Army formed in 2011 from Army defectors. Engaged in street fighting across south west and north east Syira to reclaim cities.
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant supported the formation of an Islamic Caliphate and fought both Assad and other rebels with terrorism such as car bombs and sucide attacks.
July 2013 beheaded FSA commanders.

Question 21

Assad response to Syrian Conflict

Answer 21

door-to-door arrests
firing on unarmed civilian protesters
shooting medical personnel who aided the wounded
January 2013 state terrorism. Dropped cluster bombson the town of Latamneh.

Question 22

Arab League response to Syrian crisis

Answer 22

Suspended Syria's membership
threatened to imposed travel bans
freeze assets
termnate transactions to Syrian banks
January 2012 referred the issue to the UN

Question 23

UN response to Syrian crises

Answer 23

Resolution 2042 established a six point proposal for peace.
2013 called for an inspection of Syrian government’s stockpiles of chemical weapons. 21 our of 23 sites were inspected and 1290 tonnes of chemical agents were destroyed.
Geneva Peace talks in 2016 managed to create a ceasefire in mid-2016, but this has since collapsed.

Question 24

US response

Answer 24

US and its allies under operation ‘Inherent Resolve’ have ototated air strikes against both Iraq and Syria commencing in 2014 September.
September 2016 up to 40 US Special Operations Forces in the area.

Question 25

Russia Response

Answer 25

Has used its veto or threatened to use its veto to all USC resolutions that were critical of the Assad Regime.
Supplied YAK-130 jets, fuel, munitions and military advisors.
Syria is an important trade ally, with $20 billion invested.

Question 26

Other states response

Answer 26

Iran is wary of successors, so is figting with Assad.
Sunni Muslim Gulf States are on side with the opporition as they oppose Iran and its Shia state.
Iran supports Hezbollah. Israel does not.

Question 27

Use of Torture to combat terrorists

Answer 27

Assad has been accused of using a state policy of torture. Attacking civilians who were engaged in protests, not terrorists.
Human Rights Watch in 2012 has been documenting how Syria has been breaking international law by engaging in torture against its citizens.