AOS2 Flashcards
Attention
Attention is the level of awareness directed towards certain stimuli to the exclusion of others.
Sustained attention
Sustained attention (vigilance) refers to maintaining a high degree of attention over a prolonged period.
Selective attention
Selective attention is focusing on a single activity while disregarding other environmental stimuli.
Salience
When using selective attention, you are more likely to focus on salient stimuli; that is, stimuli that are prominent, conspicuous or otherwise noticeable when compared to their surroundings.
Divided attention
involves distributing one’s attention to allow for the processing of two or more stimuli at the same time.
Divided attention can generally be used when an automatic cognitive process is being performed, which requires little conscious awareness or mental effort.
Perceptual distortions
When an individual’s perceptual interpretation of a stimulus varies from how it is commonly perceived.
Synesthesia
Synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
Affects 1 in 200 people. It is not classified as a perceptual disorder because there is no loss of ability.
Why does it occur?
Can be born with it through genetics
If someone has one form the are likely to inherit another
Grapheme color synesthesia
Is the association of written letters and numbers with colors.
Ordinal linguistic personification
Ordinal linguistic personification- when an individual views ordered sequences (days, weeks, numbers and letters) as having personalities.
Chromesthesia
When an individual simultaneously senses sounds and colours. For example, lighter colours might be heard as higher octaves, while darker colours are perceived as lower octaves.
Lexical-gustatory synesthesia
Is the association of certain words with sensations of taste.
Spatial neglect
One common consequence of stroke, disease and accidents, especially the right hemisphere of the brain, is the development of a (typically temporary) neurological condition known as spatial neglect.
It is estimated that spatial neglect may follow stroke affecting the right hemisphere in 50–80% of cases.
Top down processing
Draws from past experiences and knowledge to interpret sensations.
Interprets info according to expectations.
Perception is formed
Bottom up processing
Analyzing the specific features elements of a stimulus.
Creating a whole picture from the individual elements.
Perception is formed.
Top down visual information
Relates to drawing on experiences and expectations to shape perceptions
Bottom up visual info
When applying bottom up visual information to visual stimuli, we draw on salient sensory data to shape our perceptions.
Top down gustatory info
We draw on our experience and expectations to shape our perceptions.
This includes our familiarity with how a food or drink usually tastes and smells, and how it has reacted with our body in the past.
It can also include our expectations about how something should taste.
Bottom up gustatory info
We gather a range of salient sensory data, using our sense of smell as well as taste, to form our perceptions.
Sensation
Sensation is the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information. Information at this stage is meaningless.
Perception
Perception is the process by which we give meaning to sensory information.
Sensations are interpreted, so information can be used.
Cornea
Transparent, convex shaped (curved outwards)
Covering that protects the eye and helps to focus light rays onto the retina at the back of the eye.
Aqueous humor
Watery fluid
Help maintain shape and provides nutrients and oxygen to eye and carries away waste products
Pupil
Black circle in the center of the eye.
Opening in the Iris that helps control the amount of light entering the eye.
In darkness, the pupil expands.
In light, the pupil shrinks
