AOS2

Question 1

Causes of climate change

Answer 1

1. Burning fossil fuels (80% of all energy globally from fossil fuels)
2. Deforestation (UNFOA = 18mil acres of forest X per year –> X carbon sinks/process of X trees releases FF)
3. Agriculture (cow digestion = ^ CH4 | fertilizers contain N2O | 80% deforestation = agricultural needs

Question 2

Aspects of climate change (resource exploitation)

Answer 2

eco growth = use of resources (fossil fuels (80% energy), subsoil minerals (iron, aluminum), forests/deforestation) –> 50% carbon emissions/80% biodiversity X

Question 3

Impacts of resource exploitation

Answer 3

Impact =
- soil erosion e.g . Appalachian mountains 100x ag. prod decrease
- natural disasters e.g. Indonesian fires (2015) = same emission as Ger/Jap in 1 year
- desertification e.g. Sahara ^ by 6000km

Question 4

Aspects of climate change (National interests)

Answer 4

Used as reason to X respond + why Paris Agreement had NDCs

Question 5

Examples of national interests (climate change)

Answer 5

• Trump = Clean Power Plan X b/c opening coal plants = ^ jobs for struggling communities | XL pipeline = ^ jobs | left Paris Agreement b/c undermined US eco/sov
• Australia = coal good for eco/jobs/exports
• Italy / Ger / UK = reopened (It/Ger) /slowed closure of 3 coal plants (UK) b/c price on energy ^/ Russian coal banned as a result of the Ukraine war

Question 6

Aspects of climate change (Methods of ADAPTING to and reducing climate change)

Answer 6

Adapting = decrease vulnerability social/biological systems re. sudden changes by anticipating / respond to challenges ‘baked in’

e.g. Bangladesh installed sea walls, floating farms, early warning systems, new rice variety

Question 7

Aspects of climate change (Methods of adapting to and REDUCING climate change)

Answer 7

decrease GHG OR ^ carbon sinks
aim to prevent further climate change

e.g. ^ energy efc, phase out fossil fuels, emissions tax (change behaviour), subsidies

Question 8

Paris Agreement

Answer 8

195 UNFCCC members, 191 ratified (95% of all emissions)
Aims = keep global temp below 1.5C / limit GHG from human activity to net zero / Conserve carbon sinks / stocktake / “highest possible ambition” (idea of ‘ratcheting up’ ambition goals / $100bn per year in $ cont. from states / dev. Plans to adapt to impacts

Question 9

Efv of Paris Agreement

Answer 9

Absolute = X | Relative = Yes
Prior to Paris = est. 4-5C h/w now currently on track for 2.7C (absolute = failure | relative = success) + current NDCs = on track for 2.4C by 2030
166 states = 2nd NDC + 74/139 states’ 2nd NDCs = decrease GHG

H/w $100bn pledge h/w need $1.6-$3.8tr req to avoid exceeding 1.5C + only giving $86bn
40 states submitted NAPs + main areas = own NIs e.g. food production

Question 10

State responses to Paris

Answer 10

Aus = 2015 = 1st NDC = 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2030 (^ crit) + 2nd NDC X ‘ratcheted up’
June 2022 = new NDC = 43% below 2005 levels (2C compatible) + enshrined in bill to parliament
Initially X efv h/w ^ now

USA = 1st NDC = 26-28%
Trump left h/w Biden rejoined
New NDC = 50-52% below 2005 levels (X 1.5C)
Carbon free electricity by 2035/ 500,000 new charging stations/ electrical federal fleet/ 20% school buses = electric
Initially X efv h/w ^ now

Russia/Brazil largely ignored deforestation e.g. burning of Amazon
X efv

Emission = record ^ in 2019
X efv

Question 11

PMI’s response to climate change

Answer 11

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) = 70% decrease GHG (2010 levels) + 0% deforestation
Transport = 10% ^ fuel efc
LDCs e.g. Mozambique = tools, equipment, seeds, fertilizer following drought

Question 12

PMI’s response to climate change

Answer 12

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) = 70% decrease GHG (2010 levels) + 0% deforestation
Transport = 10% ^ fuel efc
LDCs e.g. Mozambique = tools, equipment, seeds, fertilizer following drought

Question 13

Efv of PMI’s response to climate change

Answer 13

CDP = gave “A list” to PMI (200/9.6k) + 1/24 forests + 1/118 water sec + praised approach –> $ incentives to emp/suppliers to make change
Met 70% decrease re. GHG emissions (suppliers)
manf = 36%/40% absolute CO2 by 2018

Question 14

Catholic Church response to climate change

Answer 14

2015 Pope released Laudato Si
Called for ^ response to CC/ denounced consumerism + weak resp from leaders
Tried to get Trump to stay in Paris Agreement (2017) + met w/ oil executives (2018)

Question 15

Efv of Catholic Church’s response to climate change

Answer 15

“structural change” in approach to CC –> attacked consumerism
Pope condemned weak resp.
CC X inv in fossil fuels ($76bn)
Met w/ oil companies –> asked to place carbon pricing t/f decrease carbon innovation