AOS1O1 Flashcards
What are grices Maxim’s
Relation- stay relevant to the topic
Manner- be clear, brief and orderly
Quantity- say enough information but not to much
Quality- be truthful, do not give false information
How to challenge someones positive face
Disagreement, criticising, bullying/ insults and ignoring someone
How to challenge someone negative face
Imposing rules, forcing conversation, presure to conform to social norms, discipline/ concequences, imperative statements/ directional statements, swearing/ distruption
How to maintain positive face needs?
Attend to the hearer, avoid disagreement, asume agreements, compliment
How to maintain negative face needs
Be indirect, request forgiveness, minimise imposition, hedge opinion, pluralise the person responsible
What is coherence and cohesion
Coherence is about how well a text can be understand
cohesion is the glue that sticks everything together- the flow of ideas
Features of coherence (Fliccc)
formatting, logical ordering, inference, constistency, convention, cohesion. these apply to both spoken and written
examples of Formatting
headings and subheadings, coloured fonts and capital letters, bullets points, images
Logical ordering
Texts become more coherent when they are presented in a logical order enabling the audience to follow the train of thought
What is inference
a conclusion reached through evidence and reasoning, reading through the lines. It requires contextual and backgrounds knowledge and then the text will become incoherent
Convetion and consistency
Texts are more coherent when they follow the expected format of the text type. Consistency can be created through both structural and semantic features. Words from the same semantic field ‘saute, bake, fry’ or consistency of sentence types.
Cohesion
cohesion helps a text cling together for there are links between different parts of the text and cohesive text is easier to interpret
Lexical choice
Synonymy and antonymy- substitutes that vary the language of a text and keep it interesting-
Hyponymy- words that are subdivisions of a category- types of animals: dog, cat, sheep, cow, snake
Collocation- words that go together like fish n chips or salt and pepper
Substitution
this is replacing one element of a text with another, the main purpose is to reduce unnecessary repetition and reduce lexical density. Any phrasal element can undergo substitutions
Anaphoric references
A type of substitution when a noun phase is referenced by a pronoun
Eg replacing a name with she or replacing chocolate cake with it
Cataphoric references
when a pronoun is substituted for something that has not been referenced
Eg as she was leaving, jacki remembered to grab her coat
Deixis/ deictic reference
a substitute that relies on contextural information to be understood. it relies of the people, place and time involved in a text
Eg do you remember that guy i was telling you about?
What is information flow
information flow is essentially the way that infomration is organised in a text and how audiences track that information.
What is front focus?
front focus bring to the front the clause an element that ussually occurs after the verb. this puts focus on the element, highlights a connection with the proceding discourse
What is end focus
an element that normally come at the beggining of a claus can be placed at the end to give it speacial focus. the information it contains is normaally already known or it can delay the mention of the new information and it can create suspence and drama.
What is an end weight
A complex and lengthy phrases are easier to follow wehn they appear at the end of the sentence often being new information, authors can chain ideas together to continually reveal new information at the end of each clause
What is an it cleft
a phrase is moved near to the front of the sentence of a sentence and ‘it’ and the appropriate grammatical tense of the verb ‘to be’ is used
What is a pseudo cleft
adds emphasis, the prominent aspect of the sentece occurs at the end of a sentece, rather than using ‘it’ they use ‘what, where, how’
What is clefting
it involves the movement of a phrase to another position in the sentence
what are ‘there’ constructions
these create an empty/dummy pronoun, it has no lexical meaning but is purely gramatical, is appears where a noun phrase would normally be therefore allowing the understood subject to appear later giving it much greater prominence
what creates an active and passive voice
Agent: the entity that is doing the verb
Patient: the recipient of the verb
Verb: the action/ process in a clause
What is a active voice?
the subject of the sentence is the agent
What is a passive voice?
The subject of the sentences is the patient
what are the features of spoken discourse
VPIST
Openings and closing
Adjency pairs- quesiton and answer
Overlapping speech
Interrogative tags- words at end that make questions EG arent you?
Discourse particles- filler words
Non-fluency features- pauses, filled pauses, false start, repitioin, repairs
What is turn taking
Three key aspect of turn taking:
Taking the floor
Holding the floor
Passing the floor
What is taking the floor?
to take the floor you can use discourse particle or use latching onto the end of somebody sentence before anyone else has the chance to speak. Or they can interrupt people to take the floor
What is holding the floor
Continuing inotation signals that we have not finished our sentece have more to say on a topic
Rising intonation may signal a list or that we have not finished
Conjunctions such as and, but and so to connect our idears
Filled pauses/ voiced hesistation allow us to think and plan our next signalling that we havenet finished
Temporal markers such as firstly and secondly
What is passing the floor
In informal contexts people often use interrogatives to pass the floor. In group conversations, vocatives might be used to pass the floow to a specific person
Sometime we pass the floow through falling inotation or final inotation or through an elongated discourse particle such as so
What is a function vs social purpose?
The function of a text is its immediate or obvious reason for existing
The social purpose of a text is the underlying goals of a particular discourse within its situational and cultural contexts, this is what the the author or speaker is trying to achieve socially
What are some social purposes of informal language
Encoraging intimace, solidarity and equality
Maintaining and challenging positive and negatice face needs
Promoting linguistic innovation
Supporting in group membership
What is encoraging intimacy, solidarity and equality?
Intimacy -refers to social closeness
Solidarity- refers to a shared goal, vision, or idea, finding common ground
Equality- refers to a dismantling of power structures or a social hierarchy so that all participants are on the same ‘level’
Your analysis should consider how these are achieved through language in this specific text. For example, if you intend to discuss solidarity, you should be able to identify the uniting element (i.e. solidarity among whom and for what cause?).
Stronger analyses will consider why the participants are seeking to achieve these purposes in the current context.
What is maintaining and challenging positive and negative face needs
Whose face needs are relevant in this text?
What strategies are being used to maintain or challenge them?
How does this reflect the relationships of participants?
Do the participants successfully or unsuccessfully navigate face needs?
What is promoting linguistic innovation?
This refers to the creative potential of language.
Entertaining texts that draw on ideas such as word-play, irony and other forms of humour may be relevant here.
Social groups can form ‘in-jokes’ and slang through this process.
How are the participants being playful or creative with language?
What other purposes might this link to?
What is supporting in group membership?
In-groups are the groups that we belong to
Out-groups are the groups that we don’t belong to
Which groups are relevant?
How is the language fostering inclusion?
What role does context play in establishing group membership?
How should you identify social purposes?
Frame your social purpose as specifically as possible – the social purpose of this text, not of any informal text.
‘The social purpose is to encourage solidarity between who and for what purpose.
‘The social purpose is to build in-group membership with who/what group.’
‘The social purpose is to maintain/challenge whose face needs.’
Consider the social purposes that are best supported by the register of the text.
Analysis of social purposes, as required in an AC, will explore how the language features of the text support the social purpose.
What is the 2 types of morphological patterning?
Conversion of word class
Creative word formation
What is conversion of word class?
This occurs when a work is used outside of its regular word class- often for a playful humorous or creative effect
Eg i will uber there or Beer me or thats cash money of you
What is creative word formation?
This refers to any of the word formation processes being used to create new words
it does not refer to established words that were previously created by these processes
Eg surfboard
What is BACCCCCCSINBAD
(B a sexy sinba d)
Burrowing
Acronym
Conversiion of word class
Creative word formatino
Compounding
collacation
commonisation
contraction
shortening
Initialism
Neologism
Blends
Archaism
iminutives- suffixatoin in australian english- shortening words with affection- sparky
What is semantic patterning
Refers to the patterning of language that is not intended to be taken literally. It assists writers and speakers to be creative, playful or literary in how they convey meaning.
A MOP FLIPS
Animation
Metaphor
Oxymoron
Personification
Figurative language
LExical ambiguity
Irony
Pun Simile
Animation
Describing an inanimate object in such as way that it seems to have life or movement
Metaphor
Describing something as though it is something else – usually so that we apply the qualities of one to another
Oxymoron
A phrase that is seemingly contradictory – usually an adjective or an adverb coupled with a noun or a verb
Personification
A specific type of metaphor that gives non-human entities specifically human characteristics, such as emotions, desires, expressions or language
Figurative language
A broad term that encompasses a wide range of semantic patterns, including animation, metaphor, personification and simile.
*Note: this term was added specifically to the study design in 2020, so older study notes may not list it.
Lexical ambiguity
Occurs when there is more than one possible interpretation of a sentence due to words having more than one meaning
Irony
When a speaker or writer says one thing but intends their audience to understand the opposite meaning, often for humorous or satirical purposes
Pun
A pun is a play on words that exploits lexical ambiguity for comedic effect. It can exploit lexical, semantic or phonological similarities between words
Simile
A simile is a direct comparison between two things, using prepositions such as “like” or “as
Syntactic patterning
Refers to patterns in the structure of clauses or phrases in a text. These can be used to reduce unnecessary repetition, for stylistic impact/emphasis and to create rhythm and tempo.
PAL
Parallelism
Antithesis
Listing
Parallelism
When two or more phrases, clauses or sentences are structured in a similar way and appear close together.
Makes a text easier to process as the constructions are predictable and expected.
Can be used in conjunction with lexical repetition.
Antithesis
A type of parallelism where the purpose is to emphasise a contrast.
Listing
Placing related elements together, separated by punctuation or formatting, for ease of understanding. Listing can be in sentence, bullet points etc, and often aids in reducing unnecessary repetition. Increases coherence.
Phonological patterning
Refers to patterns in the phonological characteristics of the text
RACORA
Rhyme
Assonace
Consonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhythm
Alliteration
Rhyme
Repeated word endings with the same (or very similar) phonemes
Assonance
Repeated vowel sounds within words that are close together
Consonance
Repeated consonant sounds within words that are close together
Onomatopoeia
Words that are imitations of a sound
Rhythm
The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
Alliteration
The repitition of consonant siounds at the beginning of words
Functions of swearing
Expletives- expressing emotion, used in responce to pain or emotional frustration
Abuse and insult- sweat to express their distaste or insult this challenges positive face needs
Social solidarity- swearing enables people to build in group membership. it reduces social distance, enables trust
Stylistic choice- makes your message more vivid or memorable
Swearing over time
the type of language that are deemed socially taboo change over time, ofence is entirely dependant on social context
Political correctness
the use of language to avoid offending or discriminatinf against people
Euphemism and dusphemism
Euphemism is a way of making things sound more pleasant – it is tied into political correctness. We use euphemism to avoid discussing taboo topics
-Making love
-Passed away
-Use the bathroom
Dysphemism is a way of making things sound cruder or more derogatory
Fucking
Carked it
Take a dump
