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psychology unit 3: aos 1 > AOS OVERVIEW > Flashcards

AOS OVERVIEW Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS

A

receives neural messages from and transmits neural messages to the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

PNS

A

comprising every neuron in the body outside of the central nervous system

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3
Q

Somatic

A

transmits neural messages related to voluntary motor movement

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4
Q

Autonomic

A
  • regulates visceral muscles, organs and glands
  • transmits neural messages to the CNS about activity
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5
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • activates visceral muscles, organs, glands
  • preparing the body to respond to a threat/stressor
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6
Q

Parasympathetic

A

maintains optimal and balanced functioning of visceral muscles, organs and glands

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7
Q

Sensory neuron (afferent)

A

transmit sensory neural messages about sensations from PNS to CNS

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8
Q

Motor neuron (efferent)

A

transmit motor neural messages about movement from CNS to PNS

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9
Q

Interneuron

A

transfer impulses between sensory and motor neurons

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10
Q

Conscious response

A

deliberate and voluntary action, initiated by the brain and performed intentionally by the body

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11
Q

Conscious response steps

A
  1. Sensory receptors receive info from sense organs
  2. Sensory neurons (somatic) send info to CNS
  3. Brain receives and interprets info and makes a decision on movement
  4. Motor neurons (somatic) send info from brain to effector cells in skeletal muscles
  5. Skeletal muscles move accordingly
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12
Q

Unconscious response

A

automatic and involuntary action performed by the body independently of the brain

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13
Q

Neurochemicals

A

chemical substance that transmits neural information within the nervous system

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on one or two postsynaptic neurons

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15
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters (neurotransmitters)

A

glutamate – learning & memory

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16
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters (neurotransmitters)

A

GABA – reduces anxiety

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17
Q

Neuromodulators

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on multiple postsynaptic neurons

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18
Q

Types of neuromodulators

A

Dopamine – motor movement, pleasure
Serotonin – mood and sleep

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19
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

ability of synaptic connections to change over time in response to activity or experience

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20
Q

Sprouting

A

ability of dendrites and axons to develop new extensions or branches

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21
Q

Rerouting

A

ability of a neuron connected to a damaged neuron to create alternative synaptic connection with an undamaged neuron

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22
Q

Pruning

A

elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated

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23
Q

long term potentiation

A

long lasting and experience dependent strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly coactivated

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24
Q

Long term depression

A

long-lasting and experience-dependent weakening of synaptic connections that are not regularly coactivated

25
Q

Stress

A
  • psychological and physiological experience
  • occurs when an individual encounters something of significance that demands their attention and/or efforts to cope
26
Q

Stressor

A

internal or external stimulus that prompts a stress response

27
Q

Internal stress

A

stimulus within a person’s body that prompts stress response

28
Q

external stress

A

stimulus from outside a person’s body that prompts the stress response

29
Q

eustress

A

form of stress characterised by positive psychological state

30
Q

distress

A

form of stress characterised by negative psychological state

31
Q

Acute stress

A

stress that lasts for a relatively short time

32
Q

Chronic stress

A

stress that continues for a prolonged period of time

33
Q

flight fight freeze

A

involuntary response to a threatening, fearful or stressful situation, involving physiological changed produced by the sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Cortisol

A
  • hormone released in times of stress
  • aid the body in initiating and maintaining heightened arousal (primary stress syndrome)
  • secreted by adrenal glands
  • Causes the body’s functions to operate at heightened levels
35
Q

HPA AXIS

A

activated at slower, longer-lasting response to stress which induces release of cortisol into the bloodstream

36
Q

Alarm reaction

A

initial decrease and subsequent increase in bodily arousal in response to immediate stressor
o Shock: resistance falls below normal
o Countershock: sympathetic causes physiological reactions to occur, resistance increase to above normal

37
Q

Resistance stage

A
  • maintaining high levels of bodily arousal in response to persistent stressor
  • resistance above normal
  • Cortisol released into bloodstream to energise body
38
Q

Exhaustion stage

A

depletion of energy levels and bodily resources, resulting in an inability to cope with the stressor

39
Q

GAS PRO AND CON

A

+predictable pattern of physiological responses associated with distinct stages
- only focuses on biological aspects

40
Q

Primary appraisal

A

initial process of evaluating the nature of incoming stressor

41
Q

Benign positive

A
  • initial appraisal of a stimulus as neutral or good
  • does not cause stress
42
Q

Irrelevant

A

initial appraisal of a stimulus as a non issue for the individual

43
Q

Harm/loss

A

caused damage to individual

44
Q

Threat

A

causes damage to the future

45
Q

Challenge

A

positive opportunity for growth

46
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

evaluating the resources required and available in order to cope with a stressor

47
Q

Emotional focused coping

A

coping strategies that target emotional components of a stressor

48
Q

Problem focused coping

A

coping strategies that directly target the source of the stressor

49
Q

end of TMSC

A

 Coping sources are adequate
o Reappraisal or reduced/eliminated stress
 Not enough resources available
o Stress

50
Q

TMSC PRO AND CON

A

+allows track the subjective stress response
-stages of primary and secondary appraisal can occur simultaneously

51
Q

Gut microbiota

A

all of the microorganisms that live in the gut

52
Q

Gut microbiome

A

all of the genes of the microorganisms that live in the gut

53
Q

Gut-brain axis

A

the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous system
o Enteric nervous system: network of nerves in the gut (autonomic subdivision)

54
Q

Context-specific effectiveness

A

when the coping strategy or mechanism used is appropriate for the unique demands of the stressor

55
Q

Coping flexibility

A

an individuals ability to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique changing demands of a stressor

56
Q

High coping

A

readily adjust coping strategy

57
Q

Low coping

A

difficultly in adjusting or adapting coping strategy

58
Q

Approach strategy

A

directly confront source of the stress and reduce it (practical)

59
Q

Avoidance strategy

A

evading or distancing oneself from source of stress (not practical)

psychology unit 3: aos 1 (10 decks)

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