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Biology UNIT 1-How do living things stay alive? > AOS 2-How do living systems sustain life? > Flashcards

AOS 2-How do living systems sustain life? Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

a gathering of populations grouped into a community and interacting with each other and the surrounding environment

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2
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

is a genetically controlled feature(structural, physiological and behavioural) that allows organisms to survive and reproduce in an environment

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3
Q

What are the three types of adaptations?

A

structural, physiological and behavioural

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4
Q

What is a structural adaptation?

A

it is a physical adaptation which can be seen on the external parts of their body. can be fur, spikes or colours

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5
Q

What is a physiological adaptation?

A

it is an internal adaptation . they are often internal processes which help to keep the organism alive

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6
Q

What is a behavioural adaptation?

A

it is an adaptation where organisms will act in a certain way to survive

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7
Q

Provide examples of organisms and their adaptations

A

echidnas: structural-spikes skin
camels: physiological-concentrated urine
penguins: behavioural-huddling

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8
Q

what is the tolerance range?

A

it is a term used to identify the variation within which organisms can survive

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9
Q

what are the three zones of tolerance

A

optimal zone, zone of physiological stress, zone of intolerance

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10
Q

describe the optimal zone

A

the zone where organisms can thrive

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11
Q

describe the zone of physiological stress

A

the zone that deviates from optimal zone, where organisms can survive but will not be able to thrive

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12
Q

describe the zone of intolerance

A

the zone where organisms cannot survive

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13
Q

what factors can affect the tolerance range?

A

abiotic factors such as weather, salinity and temperature

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14
Q

list some limiting factors(these are abiotic)

A

weather, temperature, oxygen levels, wind

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15
Q

what is biomimicry? give examples

A

where humans take inspiration from nature to assist with technological advances. e.g Japanese bullet train inspired by shape of birds beak

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16
Q

what are some human impacts on the environment?

A

pollution, deforestation due to cutting down trees and urban sprawl, oil spills and sewerage

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17
Q

what are some threats to ecosystems?

A

air and water pollution, biomagnification, oil spills, invasive/introduced species

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18
Q

what is biomagnification?

A

is the accumulation of micro plastics within the food web

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19
Q

what is an introduced species?

A

a species that is brought into a new environment by humans by accident or on purpose

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20
Q

what is an invasive species?

A

a species that can ruin the area that they were introduced to

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21
Q

how do introduced/invasive species survive well in the ecosystem that they are introduced to?

A

they have no predators so they can survive and thrive easily

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22
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

is the process of regulating internal conditions of the body despite external conditions

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23
Q

what is the stimulus response model?

A

a diagram that is used to show the process of a homeostatic response

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24
Q

what are the steps of the stimulus response model?

A

stimulus, receptor transmitted by nerves/hormones, control centre, transmitted by nerves/hormones, effector, response, negative feedback

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25
Q

describe the steps of the stimulus response model

A

stimulus- something internal/external which can cause a reaction
receptor- is reached
control centre- brain or spinal cord receives message, which is then analysed and a reaction will be made
effector- organ or muscle which receives message and responds to it
response- the change
negative feedback- change in stimulus brought about by response

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26
Q

what is negative feedback? provide example

A

a response that is the opposite to the original response. this occurs because an action that has been done is no longer needed

27
Q

what is positive feedback? provide example

A

is when the response to the stimulus is extended

28
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

organisms ability to keep its internal temperature within a certain range despite the external environment

29
Q

what is core body temperature? where in the body can it be found?

A

is the temperature of the vital organs in the body. can be found in the thorax, abdomen and head

30
Q

what is the hypothalamus? what does it act as?

A

acts as the body’s “thermostat”. makes thermoregulatory adjustments to abnormal temperatures in the brain

31
Q

how is the hypothalamus mechanism activated?

A

can be activated by thermo-receptors in the skin or by direct stimulation in the hypothalamus through change in blood temperature

32
Q

what are the 5 relationships between organisms in an ecosystem?

A

parasite-host, predator-prey, amensalism, commensalism, mutualism

33
Q

describe predator-prey relationship and give example

A

when a predator hunts and eats their prey, zebra and lion

34
Q

describe parasite-host and give example

A

when parasite lives inside or on host, usually without killing it, headlice and human

35
Q

describe mutualism and give example

A

prolonged association where both organisms benefit, bee and flower

36
Q

describe commensalism and give example

A

association between species where one benefits and one is not affected, tree and birds nest

37
Q

describe amensalism and give an example

A

where one species is not affected but the other is harmed, algal bloom and body of water that algae is in

38
Q

what is a keystone species? give example

A

a species which maintains an ecosystem. the presence of this species is vital for the ecosystem, eg wolves in alpine areas

39
Q

name the four trophic levels and the type of feeder at that level

A

1st trophic-producers
2nd trophic- primary consumers/herbivores
3rd trophic- secondary consumer/omnvivore/carnvivore
4th trophic-tertiary consumer/top carnivores

40
Q

name each trophic level’s source of energy

A

1st- sun or chemical energy
2nd- plants/producers
3rd-plant eaters
4th- producers, plant eaters

41
Q

name 2 or more organisms at each trophic level

A

1st- leaves, algae
2nd-zooplankton, small fish
3rd-mice, small fish
4th-bears, killer whales (orcas)

42
Q

what is population dynamics?

A

a holistic term which describes features of population

43
Q

what is the abundance of a population? what are the characteristics of these?

A

is the relative representation of a population in a particular ecosystem

44
Q

what is population density?

A

a measurement of a population in a given area

45
Q

what is distribution of populations?

A

pattern of spread of a population over one space

46
Q

what is population dispersion?

A

how a population is spread over one space. can be clumped, random or uniform

47
Q

what can age structure population graph tell us?

A

can show if a population will grow or not

48
Q

what are some things that age structure population graphs are able to show?

A

can show the births and deaths of a population and therefore show living conditions of that population

49
Q

what are the four factors that affect size of a population?

A

immigration, emigration, births and deaths

50
Q

describe immigration

A

when a species/population of a species move into a new area

51
Q

describe emigration

A

when a species/population of a species move out of an area

52
Q

what are the four factors, that affect the size of a population, known as, as a whole?

A

known as a ‘primary ecological event’

53
Q

what are other factors that might affect population? what are these known as

A

natural disasters, weather, predators. known as ‘secondary ecological event’

54
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

is a term to describe the maximum number of species an environment can hold

55
Q

what is limiting factor?

A

something that stops a population from growing excessively

56
Q

what are density dependent factors? are they abiotic or biotic? name these factors

A

are biotic factors which are dependent on population size. can be predation, competition and disease

57
Q

what are density independent factors? are they abiotic or biotic? name these factors

A

are abiotic factors which are not dependent on population. can be human activity, fires, extreme weather events

58
Q

what is exponential growth?

A

where each generation of a species becomes larger due to the preceding generation.

59
Q

how is exponential growth shown?

A

it is shown on a curve graph. graph should be an exponential curve

60
Q

what is an “s curve” graph? what does it show?

A

graph with an s curve. bottom-middle portion shows growth, top portion shows carrying capacity as population will no longer grow

61
Q

describe s curve graph

A

graph with an s curve. bottom-middle portion shows growth, top portion shows carrying capacity as population will no longer grow

62
Q

what is an ecological niche?

A

it is a job or a role that an organism is assigned to

63
Q

what is population?

A

it is the number of species of the same organism, living in the same area at the same time

Biology UNIT 1-How do living things stay alive? (2 decks)

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