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Biology UNIT 1-How do living things stay alive? > AOS 1-How do organisms function? > Flashcards

AOS 1-How do organisms function? Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and all living organisms are built of one or more cells

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A prokaryotic cell is one that lacks membrane bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus.

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3
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell is one which contains membrane bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus

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4
Q

What are the three aspects of Cell theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. Cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms.
  3. Cells come from previous cells that lived.
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5
Q

What is magnification?

A

It is the act of enlarging an object, making it seem bigger

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6
Q

What is working distance?

A

It is the distance between the tip of the lens and the specimen.

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7
Q

What is resolution?

A

It is the ability to distinguish between two points which are close together

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8
Q

What is field of view?

A

It is the circular area which can be observed

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9
Q

What conditions must be met for life to exist?

A

Energy source, liquid water, chemical building blocks that are required for life, stable environmental conditions

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10
Q

What is an organelle and where are they found?

A

They are small parts of the cell which have different functions. They are found in the cytoplasm within the cell and have.a double membrane

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11
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

It is the site of exchange where materials or substances are moved in and out of the cell

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12
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

It holds all the components together, it is a protective barrier to the external environment, it is semi-permeable, it allows cell recognition

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13
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

It has a phospholipid bilayer. A phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

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14
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Transport across membranes. It does not require energy. Substances move down a concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration to reach equilibrium.

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15
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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16
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport which requires energy. Substances move against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration

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17
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

When substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane. these are usually substances which dissolve easily in fats/lipids

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18
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

When substances are transported through plasma membrane by carrier proteins. these substances don’t readily dissolve in lipids

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19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

it is diffusion of water across the plasma membrane.

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20
Q

What is a cell wall and its function?

A

The cell wall provides strength and structure to cells. They act to prevent over expansion when there is a net movement of water.

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21
Q

Are cell walls found in animal cells?

A

No they are not. Cell walls are only present in plant cells

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22
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is the control centre of the cell. It contains DNA and also controls metabolic activities within the cell

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23
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. it is the site where most of cellular respiration takes place

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24
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

They are a site within the cell where proteins are made.

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25
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is a system of highly folded membrane with inter-connected systems.

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26
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It has ribosomes attached. it is involved with transporting some proteins to sites within the cell.

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27
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Tt does not have attached ribosomes. it is involved in the manufacture of substances, detoxifying harmful products and the storage and release of substances

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28
Q

What is the Golgi complex?

A

It is responsible for packaging and transporting substances out of the cell.

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29
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

It is responsible for digestion and breakdowns of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, non-functioning cell organelles and bacteria

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30
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

It is responsible for the breakdown of substances that are either toxic or, of there is too much of it.

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31
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

It is an organelle that is found in some plant cells. this is the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have an inner and outer membrane with a third membrane inside that is folded, called grana/granum.

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32
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

It forms the 3D shape of eukaryotic cells. it supports the cell, determines the cells shape, enables some cell mobility, facilitates movement of cell organelles within a cell and, moves chromosomes during cell division

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33
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Surface area to volume ratio. smaller cells will have a higher SA:V. volume increases much faster than surface area of an object of the same shape. Higher SA:V means that substances can be moved into/ out of cells much quicker and more efficiently

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34
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

They are an organism that produce their own organic molecules, or food, through the use of sunlight energy.

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35
Q

What is a chemosynthetic autotroph?

A

They are an organism that produce their own food through chemical reactions.

36
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

They are organisms who cannot produce their own food and so they must obtain food from other organisms by consumption.

37
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

It is the process by which sunlight energy is captured and used to make carbon dioxide and water turn into oxygen gas and glucose.

38
Q

What are stomata/stoma?

A

They are openings on the leaf where oxygen and carbon dioxide can move in and out

39
Q

What are stroma?

A

It is the semi-fluid substance within the spaces of chloroplasts that contain some enzymes responsible for reactions of photosynthesis.

40
Q

What are grana/granum?

A

They are stacks of thylakoids, where chlorophyll is located

41
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

They are a membrane bound structure within chloroplasts. they are flat disks and can be found stacked (called granum/grana)

42
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is the process by which complex organic compounds are broken down to release ATP, energy

43
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

It is stored in the bonds of compounds. Breaking these bonds will release energy

44
Q

True or false, does cell respiration occur in all cells?

A

True

45
Q

Can cellular respiration occur without oxygen?

A

Yes, this is called anaerobic cellular respiration

46
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

It is cellular respiration with the presence of oxygen. Most of it occurs in the mitochondria

47
Q

What is anaerobic cellular respiration? What are the two types of anaerobic respiration, and where do they occur?

A

It is cellular respiration without the presence of oxygen. The two types are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Alcoholic occurs in plants and yeast while lactic occurs in muscle cells

48
Q

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cytoplasm. Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Electron transport chain occurs on the membrane of the cristae.

49
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

inputs are glucose and oxygen. Outputs are carbon dioxide, water and ATP

50
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?

A

Inputs are carbon dioxide and sunlight energy. Outputs are glucose and oxygen

51
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

Inputs are glucose. Outputs are heat, carbon dioxide, ATP and one of either alcohol(alcoholic fermentation) or lactic acid(lactic acid fermentation).

52
Q

True or false, anaerobic cellular respiration yields more ATP molecules than aerobic cellular respiration. Explain your answer.

A

False, anaerobic respiration only produces 2 ATP molecules. Aerobic cellular respiration produces 36 or 38 ATP molecules

53
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation? What are the inputs and outputs?

A

It is a type of anaerobic respiration where alcohol is produced. It is a process used when baking bread. This is why bread has holes. Inputs are glucose, outputs are ethyl alcohol, CO2 and 2 ATP

54
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation? What are the inputs and outputs?

A

It is a type of anaerobic respiration where lactic acid is produced in muscle cells because there is a lack of oxygen. This gives muscles that burning sensation. Inputs are glucose, outputs are lactic acid, CO2 and 2 ATP

55
Q

What is a tissue?

A

It is a group of similar cells which work together to carry out a specific function

56
Q

What is an organ?

A

It is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more physiological functions

57
Q

What is a body/organ system?

A

It is a group of organs which work together to carry out major functions or to meet the physiological needs of the body

58
Q

What is an organism?

A

It is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life

59
Q

What is the circulatory system? What organs make up this system?

A

It is a system where blood and dissolved substances are carried by blood, to and from different places of the body. The heart and blood vessels make up this system.

60
Q

What is an artery? Do they carry blood away from the heart?

A

An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary artery(carries deoxygenated blood to lungs)

61
Q

What is a vein? Do they carry blood away from the heart?

A

A vein is a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary vein(carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart)

62
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They link arteries and veins. They also exchange materials between blood and other body cells

63
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

A

The left side

64
Q

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A

The arteries and pulmonary vein

65
Q

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood?

A

The veins and pulmonary artery

66
Q

What is blood?

A

It is a substance that is composed of red blood cells, digested food, white blood cells, waste/urea, platelets, hormones, plasma, carbon dioxide and oxygen

67
Q

What are red blood cells? What is their other name?

A

A round flat biconcave disc containing haemoglobin to carry oxygen. Red blood cell is also known as erythrocytes.

68
Q

What are white blood cells? What is their other name?

A

There are many types of white blood cells, or leucocytes. their main function is to digest micro-organisms and fight disease.

69
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are bits of broken off cells from larger cells. They form blood clots

70
Q

What is plasma?

A

a liquid which carries cells, platelets, minerals, amino acids, CO2, vitamins and hormones.

71
Q

What is xylem and its function?

A

It is a woody tissue that transports water

72
Q

What is phloem and its function?

A

It is a living tissue that transports organic compounds that are produced by photosynthesis

73
Q

What are the three primary organs present in vascular plants?

A

Leaves, stems, roots

74
Q

Where does water loss in plants occur? What is this process known as?

A

Water loss occurs in leaves from open stomata. This is called transpiration

75
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in mammals?

A

Epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous

76
Q

What are the two types of tissues in plants which are classed dependent on their ability to undergo cell division?

A

Meristematic and permanent tissue

77
Q

What are the three types of permanent tissue?

A

Ground, dermal and vascular tissue

78
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Proteins that bind to specific substances to assist transport across the plasma membrane

79
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

It is a type of transport protein, it acts like a pore and allows water or small ions through quickly.

80
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

a solution which has a higher concentration of dissolved solutes to the substance that it is being compared to

81
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

a solution which has an equal amount of dissolved solute as the substance it is being compared to

82
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

a soliton which has a lower concentration of dissolved solute as the substance it is being compared to

83
Q

what is an integral protein?

A

it is a protein which spans the width of the phospholipid bilayer

84
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

first step of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down and turned into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules.

85
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

process where water molecule is added

86
Q

what is Krebs cycle?

A

second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvate is broke down into carbon dioxide in the mitochondria

Biology UNIT 1-How do living things stay alive? (2 decks)

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