AOS 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Jim Crow Laws
A
Discriminatory laws that divided society into ‘whites’ and ‘blacks’
2
Q
When were Jim Crow Laws implemented?
A
1881-1891
3
Q
Plessy v Fergusson
A
An 1896 court case where Plessy challenged segregation in train travel. He was unsuccessful, and the precedent of ‘separate but equal’ was established
4
Q
Separate but Equal
A
the philosophical underpinning of segregation, saying that segregation was considered constitutional as long as separate facilities were equal. This was a theory that did not often translate into a practical reality.
5
Q
Student Sit-Ins
A
- Inspired by the Montgomery Bus Boycotts
- Comenced 1 February 1960, Greensboro North Carolina
- White segregationists would beat, kick, burn and maim protestors, pouring, eggs, milk and flour over their heads while they sat.
- King supported legal representation for those who were arrested.
- Highlighted the effectiveness of peaceful protests
6
Q
Ku Klux Klan
A
A race- based group that actively fought for the supremacy of whites
7
Q
Lynching
A
- Involved kidnapping African American men, killing them (often by hanging, but not always),
- Tying a rope around their neck, and leaving hanging them from a tree as a warning to others not to protest.
- Mob violence and murder were meant to punish and intimidate African Americans.
8
Q
Emmett Till
A
- 1955
- Lynching of 14 year-old
- Till from North
- Uproar about murder
- Inspired Rosa Parks
9
Q
NAACP
A
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- An organisation whose mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of people of colour
10
Q
Ways to Desegregate Public Transport
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A
- 1955 - 1956
- Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat
- Black people boycotted the bus system
- Massive media coverage
- Highlighted the success of non-violent protests
- Introduced MLK as a leader and important figure
11
Q
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
A
A pro- black organisation established during the Montgomery Bus Boycotts
12
Q
Ways to Desegregate Public Transport
Freedom Rides
A
- May 1961
- Black students sat in the white sections of southern buses
- Students had bricks thrown at them and were beaten with bats.
- Heads were cracked and many protestors were beaten unconcious.
- Changed and JFK Desegregated public transport
13
Q
Ways to Desegregate Education
Brown v Board of Education
A
- 1951
- Oliver Brown and Thurgood Marshall argued that children could not get an equal education in segregated schools.
- Using a psychologist with dolls as evidence
- Lost the case at the Kansas
- Appealed to Supreme Court
- 500 US schools desegregated by 1954
14
Q
Ways to Desegregate Education
Little Rock Nine
A
- 1957
- 9 Students attended a racist school in Little Rock, Arkansas
- Angry protestors would gather outside the school
- The students would be barred from school
- President ordered 1000 soldiers to escort the students
- Faced constant bullying
- Little Rock finally accepted limited desegregation
15
Q
Birmingham Riots
A
- 1963
- Most segregated city in America
- Birmingham would be a symbol to the whole South, by integrating Birmingham, the South would fall
- Birmingham protests meant to provoke a response, highlighting the need for equality
- Police Chief Eugiene Connor blasted high-pressure power hoses at protesters, sweeping them off the streets and causing many serious injuries.
- Police dogs to attacked protesters, when protesters tried to protect themselves they were beaten by police.
- All were caught by photographers and TV.
- 2 days later, thousands of protesters kneeled on the streets praying.
- Police disobeyed Connor and, in an act of respect, allowed the protesters to continue marching down the main street.
- Connor stepped down from office
- Stepping stool for the March on Washington
16
Q
March on Washington
A
- 1963
- Activist A. Philip Randolph advocated a massive march to put pressure on politicians to pass the Civil Rights Bill
- JFK was initially against the march
- The planning for the march went ahead anyway and received JFK’s reluctant support.
- 250,000 black and white Americans turned out to show their support.
- King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech was the most memorable event of the march. Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial, was voted the most inspiring speech of the twentieth century.
- Full of powerful imagery and repetition to help convince people of the need for integration
- The stereotype that African Americans were illiterate and violent was shattered due to the intelligent, organised and patriotic events
17
Q
Civil Rights Act
Year
A
- 1964
18
Q
Bedrock Legislation
A
The legislation was passed to provide the legal framework for apartheid
19
Q
African National Congress (ANC)
A
- Formed in 1912
- Aimed was to bring all Africans together as one people to defend their rights and freedoms.
- Older members favoured moderate, gradual, nonconfrontational change
- Young members favoured a more militant approach.
20
Q
Consequences of Apartheid
A
Apartheid classified the South African population into 4 groups:
- Whites,
- Coloured,
- Asians and
- Blacks (indigenous population)
Blacks lost the rights to:
- vote
- citizenship
- own land (that wasn’t a black-designated area)
21
Q
Defiance Campaign
A
- June 1952
- ANC attempt to appease the Youth League
- Non-cooperation and non-violent protest against bedrock laws
- Created the Freedom Charter
22
Q
Freedom Charter
A
Idealistic list of rights drawn up by the Congress Alliance in 1955
- Everyone shall have the right to vote.
- No one shall be imprisoned, deported or restricted without a fair trial.
- The law shall guarantee the right to speak, organise, meet together, publish, preach, worship and educate their children.
- All shall be free to form trade unions.
- Education shall be free, compulsory, universal and equal for all children.
23
Q
Sharpeville Massacre
A
- Pass laws, regulated the movement of Indigenous Africans into white areas.
- 10 Bantustans (ghettos) were created.
- 21 March 1960, a protest was organised by the Pan-African Congress (PAC), 5,000 - 7,000 people protested at the police station without passes.
- There were only 20 policemen and the protestors were expecting little retaliation.
- The police, ordered a jet to fly low over the crowds and set up armoured cars around the crowd.
- At 1:15 p.m. the police opened fire, 69 people were killed.
- South African Government declared a state of emergency.
- Police arrested 20,000 protestors and the PAC and ANC were banned under the Unlawful Organisations Act 1960.
- international isolation of the South African Government, began.
- South Africa was expelled from the British Commonwealth.
24
Q
Umkhonto we Sizwe - ‘Spear of the Nation’
A
- Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and others formed an underground military organisation in 1961 called Umkhonto we Sizwe.
- 1961, and over the next three years were responsible for over 200 attacks on power lines, post offices, jails and other government installations.
- Plans were also considered for a guerrilla war, should the sabotage campaign fail to remove apartheid.
25
Rivonia Trial
- 1963–64
- For the government, Umkhonto we Sizwe had proved itself to be a terrorist organisation, and it was treated as such.
- Mandela was arrested 5 August 1963, and along with 10 other leaders was sentenced in 1964 to life in prison for sabotage and attempting to overthrow the state.
- Mandela spent 27 years in prison for his opposition to the government’s policy of apartheid.
26
Soweto Riots
- Lead by Steven Biko
- Soweto is a settlement in the south of Johannesburg.
- Riots started after the government made the ruling that school subjects would be taught in Afrikaans
- Afrikaans was considered the ‘language of oppressors’
- Indigenous teachers complained about not being fluent in Afrikaans
- June 16, 1976 - Peaceful student protests began
- Protests grew to 8,000 - 10,000 strong.
- Police halted the march at 9 a.m.
- By 9:30, shots had been fired, students were killed and violence had escalated
- Students set fire to buildings and looted bottle shops
- Schools were closed, and thousands more students joined the riots.
- Reports claim anywhere from 23 - 200 people died during the riots.
- By the end of the 17 June, most government buildings had been burned down, along with buses, cars and 3 schools.
- Over 1,500 police patrolled the town and more protestors were shot
- Black workers went on strike and white students joined the protests.
- Riots formed in nearby towns, most peaceful, some violent, more protestors were shot
- Police victory
- International press coverage, led to further economic isolation of South Africa, with the UN imposing military and sporting sanctions.
- South Africa was banned from the Olympics, Cricket and Rugby until the early ‘90s
27
Formal End of Apartheid
- 2 Feb 1990
- Between February and June 1990, all aspects of the bedrock legislation were removed.
- 11 February Nelson Mandela was released
- Mandela refused to condemn armed resistance, but said that reconciliation and forgiveness were the best ways forward
- 27 April 1994. Mandela and the ANC won the popular vote, and he became President of South Africa
28
Afrikaans
dutch-derived creole that developed in south Africa
29
Black Consciousness Movement (BCM)
An anti-apartheid activist group formed in the mid-1960s after the crackdown on earlier black political movements in the wake of the sharpeville Massacre
30
South African Student Organisation (SASO)
An organisation comprising students who resisted apartheid through political means; formed in 1968
31
Treason Trials
A government response to the freedom charter of 1955 where ANC leaders were tried under the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950, which outlawed the south African communist party (sAcp)
32
State of Emergency
A situation in which the government suspends normal procedures due to danger or disaster
33
Bantustan
Homeland; under apartheid law in south Africa people were relegated to separate homelands
34
Congress Alliance
A combination of several groups, including the ANc, that opposed the south African government
35
Militant
Person or group prepared to engage in aggressive or physical conflict for a cause
36
ANC Youth League
Formed in 1944 by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo as a response to the conservative approach of the leaders of the ANC itself
37
Apartheid
A system that discriminates or persecutes on the basis of race and separates races from one another
38
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
A civil rights organisation founded in 1942 that played a central part in the civil rights movement
39
Sit-in
Peaceful student protest during the early 1960s to protest against segregation
40
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
A pro- black organisation established during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955
