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Psychology - Unit 1 > AOS 2 > Flashcards

AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Myelination

A

The formation and development of myelin around the axon of a neuron

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2
Q

Symptoms of CTE

A
  • Cognitive Imparements (memory loss, difficulties with attention amd concentration)
  • Mood disorders (Depression and Anxiety)
  • Impulsivity
  • Executive function imparements (planning, reasoning and judgement)
  • Aggression
  • Dementia
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3
Q

Midbrain

A

A region at the centre of the brain, between the hindbrain and forebrain, and is part of the brainstem

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4
Q

Influence of the First Brain Experimets

A

Provided evidence of hemispheric specialisation.

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5
Q

Adaptive Plasticity - Effectiveness

A

Can occur throughout the whole lifespan. However, is more efficient in younger people due to the higher levels of developmental plasticity.

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6
Q

Causes of CTE

A
  • Repeated blows to the head
  • Trigger an abnormal build up of a protein called tau in the brain which leads to the death of brain cells.
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7
Q

Brain

A

A complex organ contained within the skull that coordinates mental processes and behaviour, and regulates bodily activity.

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8
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

A non-invasive structural neuroimaging technique developed in the 1970s, which uses magnetic and radio fields to take images of the brain.

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9
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum that covers the brain

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10
Q

Brain Lesioning

A

Involved the damage of brain tissue in anima;s, followed by the observation of changes in the animals behaviours.

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11
Q

PVC - Contralateral Organisation

A
  • Left visual field = Right occipital lobe
  • Right visual field = Left occipital lobe
  • Centre visual field = Both occipital lobes
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12
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

The elimination of underused synapses

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13
Q

Brain Abalation

A

Involved the surgical removal of brain tissue in animals, followed by observation of changes in the animal’s behaviour.

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14
Q

Forebrain

A

A large and prominent brain region that is located at the top and front of the brain.

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15
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The largest and front-most lobe of the cerebral cortex.

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16
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

A progressive and a fatal brain disease associated with repeated exposure to mild traumatic brain injuries, such as concussion.

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17
Q

Pons

A

Handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing.

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18
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (PMC)

A
  • Located at the rear of each frontal lobe
  • Responsible for the movement of the skeletal muscles of the body
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19
Q

Mind-body Problem

A

Asks if the mind is part of the body. Is the mind a seperate entity from the brain and body?

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20
Q

Ways to Maintain and Maximise Brain Functioning

A
  • Mental Stimulation
  • Diet
  • Physical Activity
  • Social Support
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21
Q

Hindbrain

A

A region at the base of the brain, located around the brain, located around and including some of the brainstem.

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22
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The lobe of the cerebral cortex, located behind the frontal lobe.

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23
Q

Medulla

A
  • Regulates autonomic processes, such as respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
  • Also has an important role in initiating reflexs, (eg. coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.)
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24
Q

Concussion

A

A mild traumatic brain injury that temporarily disrupts brain function.

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25
Q

Brain vs Heart Debate

A

Asks what is the source of our thoughts, feelings and behaviours, our brain or heart?

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26
Q

Neuroimaging Techniques

A

Procedures and devices that are used to take sorts of the brain, providing information about the brain structure and function.
- CT
- MRI
- PET
- fMRI

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27
Q

Prevention of CTE

A
  • Whilst there is no cure, there is currently a focus on prevention through avoiding repeated head injuries.
  • Helmets and protective headgear do not stop brain trauma.
28
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The lowest lobe of the cerebral cortex, located beneath the parietal lobe.

29
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the brain to change in response to experience or environmental stimulation

30
Q

Diagnosis of CTE

A
  • Can only be made through a post-mortem examination of the brain.
  • Shrinkage of the brain
31
Q

Hemispheric Specialisation

A

The difference in functioning between the left and right hemispheres of the brain when performing a specific behaviour or task.

32
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The rearmost lobe of the cerebral cortex, located behind the parietal lobe.

33
Q

Phrenology

A

The study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning.

34
Q

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)

A

Refers to all types of brain injury that occur after birth.

35
Q

PAC - Contralateral Organisation

A

Verbal (words) = Left hemisphere
Non-verbal (music) = Right hemisphere

36
Q

Brain Trauma

A

Is damage to the brain that is caused by an external force

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

produces hormones that control
- Body temperature
- Heart rate
- Hunger

38
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (PSC)

A
  • Situated at the front of each parietal lobe
  • Recieves and processes sensations such as:
    Touch
    Pressure
    Temp
    Pain
39
Q

Adaptive Plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to restore adequate neural functioning over time after sustaining injury

40
Q

Neuroimaging Technique Categories

A

Structural Techniques
- Provide information on what the brain looks like.

Functional Techniques
- Provide information on brain activity.

41
Q

Parietal lobe is responsible for

A
  • Sensing the position of our body in space
  • Spatial reasoning
  • Perception of 3D objects
42
Q

PMC - Contralateral Organisation

A

Left PMC = Right-hand side
Right PMC = Left-hand side

43
Q

Computerised Tomography (CT)

A

A non-invasive neuroimaging technique, developed in the 1970s, which uses X-rays to take images of the brain.

44
Q

Developmental Plasticity

A

Changes in the brain that occur in response to ageing and maturation

45
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The symetrical halves of the cerebrum in the brain.

46
Q

Impact of ABIs on functioning

A

Biological - Changes to the function of organs and neurons.

Psychological - Changes to a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

Social - Changes to a person’s interpersonal skills and interactions with other people.

47
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (PAC)

A

Recieves and processes auditory info

48
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

A non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique introduced in the 1990s, it traces oxygen levels in the brain and produces high-quality coloured images showing different levels of brain activity.

49
Q

PSC - Contralateral Organisation

A

Left PSC = Right-hand side
Right PSC = Left-hand side

50
Q

Cerebellum

A

Muscle control, including balance and movement

51
Q

Cerebral Cortex is responsible for

A
  • Higher-order thinking processes
  • Memory
  • Language
  • Regulation of emotions
52
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (PVC)

A

Recievces and Processes visual info

53
Q

Hindbrain is responsible for

A
  • Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
  • Regulation of autonomic functions (eg. breathing, heartrate, digestion, ect)
  • Coordination of muscle movement.
54
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The formation of synapses between neurons as axon terminals and dendrites grow

55
Q

What are the 2 types of ABIs?

A

Traumatic - External Force
Non-Traumatic - Internal Factors

56
Q

Reticular Formation

A

(Same as midbrain)

  • Relaying messages between the hindbarin and forebrain
  • Filtering and direction sensory information
  • Regulating arousal and alertness
57
Q

Galls 3 Principles

A
  1. A person’s faculties (intellectual abilities and personalites traits) depends on the organisation of the brain.
  2. The brain is made up of many ‘organs’ each of which is responsible for a different mental faculty - the more developed the faculty, the larger the part of the brain wuod be.
  3. The external form of the skull reflects the internal form of the brain, therefore analysis of the skull can be used to diagnose the faculties of an individual.
58
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory processing (all except smell) before being sent to the cerebral cortex for interpretation.

59
Q

Frontal lobe is responsible for

A
  • Planning
  • Judgement
  • Problem-solving
  • Aspects of personality
  • Regulation of emotions
  • Production of fluent and articulate speech (Broca’s area - left hemisphere only)
60
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A

A non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique that uses radioactive glucose and produces coloured images of the brain showing different levels of brain activity.

61
Q

Cerebrum

A

Controls
- Muscle functions
- Speech
- Thought
- Emotions
- Reading
- Writing
- Learning

62
Q

Temporal lobe is responsible for

A
  • Object and facial recognition
  • Appropriate emotional responses
  • Memories of facts and personal experiences
    Left temporal lobe contains Wernicke’s area, responsible for language comprehension.
63
Q

Split-brain Research

A

Observation on patients who had a severed corpus callosum and therefore, their left and right cerebral hemispheres had been seperated.

64
Q

Midbrain is responsible for

A

(Same as Reticular Formation)
- Relaying messages between the hindbrain and forebrain
- Filtering and direction sensory information
- Regulating arousal and alertness

65
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibres that connects the left and right brain hemispheres.

66
Q

Occipital lobe is responsible for

A

Visual perception

67
Q

Forebrain is responsible for

A
  • Complex mental process (eg. decision -making, processing sensory info, ect.)
  • Attention and filtering sensory info
  • Homeostasis

Psychology - Unit 1 (2 decks)

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