AOS 1 Flashcards
Psychological Development
An individuals changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the life long grwoth across emotional, cognitive and social domains.
Hereditary Factors
Factors that influence development and are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring.
Environmental Factors
Factors the influence development and arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings.
Genetic Predisposition
The increased likelihood to develop certain traits, including diseases if certain conditions are met.
Tabula Rasa
A clean slate or blank canvas in which individuals can chase who they want to be.
Biological Factors
Internal genetic and/or physicologically based factors.
Pyschological Factors
Internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental proccesses, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs and attitudes.
Social Factors
External factors relating to an individuals’s interactions with others and their external environment, including their relationships and community involvement.
Biopyschosocial model
A holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological and social factors.
Mental wellbeing
An individual’s current pyschological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions.
Emotional Development
The continous, lifelong development of skills that allow individuals to express and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.
Social Development
The continuous lifelong development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships and behaviours that enable an individual to interact with others and to function as a member of society.
Difference between psychological and cognitive development
Although we often use the terms ‘pyschological’ and ‘cognitive’ when speaking about functions of the brain, they reflect different aspects of the human experience. Psychology is the ‘umbrella term’ for everything that occurs within our consiousness, whereas cognition relates specifically to thoughts that we may have and is an aspect of pyschological development.
Development
The proccess of developing or being developed.
Lifespan Development
Studies how humans learn, mature, and adapt from infancy to adulthood to elderly phases of life.
Continuous Development
Developing over time at different rates, the development never stops.
Discontinuous Development
Develop in stages, each stage has challenges that one overcomes before they can move to the next stage
Longitudinal Study
Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time.
Theory of Mind
The ability to understand a differing of beliefs across multiple people. Most famous example being the Sally-Anne test.
Attachment
A long-lasting emotional bond between 2 individuals. Bowlby’s Stages of attatchment: pre-attachment, Attachment-in-the-making, Clear-cut attachment, Formation of Reciprocal Attachment.
Ainsworth Style of Attachment
Secure attachment, Resistant attachment, Avoidant attachment.
Secure Attachment
Involves the needs of the infant being consistently met by their primary caregiver/s allowing the infant to feel calmed by the presence of the caregiver when they feel disintrested.
Insecure-avoidant Attachment
The infant may avoid or be reluctant to recieve contact from their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver not responding to the infants need.
Insecure-anxious (resistant) attachment
The infant fluctuates between clinging to and rejecting their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver inconsistently meets in the childs needs.
Assimilation
The process of taking in new information and fitting it into and making it part of a pre-existing mental idea about objects or experiences.
Accommodation
Changing a pre-existing mental idea in order to fit new information.
Statistical Rarity
Behaviour that is rare is assumed to be infrequent and therefore abnormal. A mathematical way of identifying and explaining abnormal behaviour.
Normality
The state of having thoughts, feeling and behaviours that are considered common and acceptable.
Abnormality
The state of deviating from the norm, usually in a way that is undesirable.
Socio-cultural Approach
People perceive things as normal according to a particular set of codes.
Functional Approach
Whether someone is able to function effectively in society.
Historical Approach
What is seen to be normal changes over time.
Medical Approach
Things that are abnormal because of some underlying biological cause.
Statistical Approach
Based on what the majority of people think, feel and behave.
Situational Approach
Normality based on different situations and what is acceptable in those contexts.
Neurotypicality
A term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning that is typical or expected.
Neudiversity
Variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism.
Adaptive
Being able to adjust to the environment appropriately and function effectively.
Maladaptive
Being unable to adapt to the new environment appropriately and function effectively.
Controlled Experiment
- Casual relationship between 2 variables is tested in a controlled environment.
- Looks at the effect of the IV on the DV
- Tested while aiming to control all other variables.
IV
- Quantities are manipulated (Controlled, selected or changed)
- Assumed to have a direct effect on the DV
DV
- Variable that is measured
- May change due to effect of the IV
Case Study
- In-depth investigation of an individual, group or a particular phenomenon (activity, behaviour, event or problem)
- Contains a real or hypothetical situation
- Includes complexities that would be encountered in the real world.
Correlational Study
- Non-experimental study
- Researchers observe and measure the relationship between 2 or more variables.
- Without any active control or manipulation.
Classification
The arrangement of phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets.
Identification
A process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets or the possibility being part of a new or unique set
Fieldwork
- Any research involving observation
- Interaction with people and environments in real-world settings
- Conducted beyond the laboratory.
Literature Review
- Process of collating and analysing secondary data.
- Related to other people’s scientific findings and/or viewpoints
- Answer a question or provide background information to help explain observed events.
- Preparation for an investigation to generate primary data.
Modelling
- The construction and/or manipulation of either a physical model or conceptual model.
- Help people know, understand or simulate the system.
Product, process, or system development
- Design or evaluation of an artefact, process, or system to meet a human need,
- May involve technological applications, in addition to scientific knowledge and procedures
Simulation
Process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system
Experimental Group
- Group of participants in an experiment
- Exposed to a manipulated independent variable
Control Group
- Group of participants in an experiment
- Receive no experimental treatment or intervention
- Serve as a baseline for comparison
Within-subjects Design
- Experimental design
- Participants complete every experimental condition.
Between-subjects Design
- Experimental design
- Individuals are divided into different groups
- Complete only 1 experimental condition.
Mixed Design
- Experimental Design
- Combines elements of within-subject and between-subject designs
Population
- Group of people who are the focus of the research.
- From which the sample is drawn
Sample
Subset of the research population who participate in a study
Generalisable
Ability for a sample’s results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population
Sampling Techniques
The way a sample is selected from the population for a study.
- Convenience Sampling
- Random Sampling
- Stratified Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Involves selecting readily available members of the population.
Random Sampling
Uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected
Stratified Sampling
Involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample.
Allocation
Assigning participants to experimental conditions or groups
Extraneous Variable
- Any variable that is not the independent variable - May cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
- Identified before the experiment
Confounding Variable
- Any variable that is not the independent variable - May cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
- Identified before the experiment
Participant-related Variables
Characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect the results.
Order Effects
Tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behaviour
Placebo
An inactive substance or treatment
Placebo Effect
Participants respond to a placebo as a result of their expectations or beliefs
Experimenter Effect
When the expectations of the researcher affect the results of an experiment.
Situational Variables
Any environmental factor that may affect the dependent variable
Non-standardised Instructions and Procedures
When directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions
Demand Characteristics
Cues in an experiment that may signal to a participant the intention of the
study and influence their behaviour
Counterbalancing
- A method to reduce order effects involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way.
- eg. splitting up groups of participants so that they don’t know the whole experiment.
Single-blind Procedures
A procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated to
Double-blind Procedure
A procedure in which both participants and the experimenter do not know which conditions or groups participants are allocated to
Methods to Prevent Extraneous and Confounding Variables
- Sampling size and procedures
- Experimental design choice
- Counterbalancing
- Placebo
- Single-blind procedures
- Double-blind procedures
- Standardised instructions and procedures
- Controlled variables
Examples of Extraneous and Confounding Variables
- Participant-related variables
- Order effects
- Placebo effects
- Experimenter effect
- Situational variables
- Non-standardised instructions and procedures
- Demand characteristics
Types of Data
- Primary data
- Secondary data
- Quantitative data
- Qualitative data
- Subjective data
- Objective data
Primary Data
Data collected first-hand by a researcher
Secondary Data
Data sourced from other’s prior research
Quantitative Data
Data that is expressed numerically
Qualitative Data
Data that is expressed non-numerically
Objective Data
Factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion.
Subjective Data
Data that is informed by personal opinion, perception or interpretation
Descriptive Statistics
Statistics that summarise, organise and describe data.
