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Biology > AOS 1.2: how do cells function > Flashcards

AOS 1.2: how do cells function Flashcards

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1
Q

What does MRS GREEN stand for?

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Equilibrium
Excretion
Nutrition

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2
Q

Movement

A

all living things are capable of self-generated movement.

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3
Q

Respiration

A

can extract energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins through the biochemical process of aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration

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4
Q

Sensitivity

A

can sense and react to stimuli

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5
Q

Growth

A

grow and develop over time

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

can produce new living things

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7
Q

Equilibrium

A

can maintain a relatively stable internal environment unique to an individual species, which is known as maintaining homeostasis. This allows organisms to tolerate environmental changes such as varying temperatures or a lack of water availability

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8
Q

Excretion

A

produce wastes that must be removed and if they aren’t they can become toxic

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9
Q

Nutrition

A

extract nutrients from the environment, which are used to produce cellular energy, grow and develop, and maintain equilibrium.

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10
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A
  • Any unicellular organism that does not contain a membrane bound nucleus or organelles
  • Bacteria and archea
  • no nucleus (nucleoid region)
  • small (5>x<1)
  • complex cell wall
  • small ribosomes
  • chromosomes are one long single loop of DNA and plasmids
  • DNA replicates entire genomes at once
  • lack organelles
  • can store hereditary info.
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11
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Any cell that contains a clearly defined nucleus and has membrane bound organelles
  • Animal, plant, fungi and protist cells
  • has a nucleus (membrane bound)
  • large (10-100 micrometers)
  • simple cell wall (present in plants and fungi)
  • large ribosomes
  • more than one chromosome
  • has organelles
  • can store hereditary info.
  • DNA replication is highly regulated with selective origins and sequences
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12
Q

What is in a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Flagella
  • Pili
  • Plasmid
  • Nucleoid (DNA)
  • Cell wall
  • Capsule
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13
Q

What is in a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • golgi apparatus
  • ribosomes
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • peroxisome
  • vacuole
  • lysosomes
  • chloroplast
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14
Q

What do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytosol
  • ribosomes
  • DNA
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15
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

circular DNA found in a prokaryotic cell
- seperate from a chromosome

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16
Q

How do eukaryotic somatic cells replicate?

A

usually through mitosis

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17
Q

How do eukaryotic germline cells replicate?

A

meiosis

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18
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

binary fission

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19
Q

What is binary fission?

A

separation of the body into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA

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20
Q

What makes up the cytoplasm?

A

all the organelles (except the nucleus) and the cytosol in which they float

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21
Q

What is cytosol?

A

a fluid substance which contains the dissolved salts, nutrients and molecules necessary for cell function

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22
Q

What is lumen?

A

the space within a cavity which can act as a passage way

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23
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

a type of nucleic acid that is a key structural component of ribosomes

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24
Q

What is a membrane bound organelle?

A

a structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer

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25
Q

What organelles are not membrane bound?

A
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • cytoskeleton
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26
Q

What are the benefits of having small cells?

A
  • the exchange of materials with the extracellular environment (including importing nutrients and oxygen, and removing toxins) can occur efficiently and effectively due to a high SA:V
  • distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster
27
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

gain nutrition by consuming food

28
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

produce their own essential nutrients from simple inorganic molecules

29
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made up of cells
  • cells are the smallest and most basic units of life
  • all cells come from pre-existing cells
30
Q

What are the six kingdoms of life?

A

Eukaryotic:
- Animalia
- Protist
- Fungi
- Plantae
Prokaryotic:
- Bacteria
- Archea

31
Q

What are ribosomes

A

two subunits made of RNA and protein; larger in eukaryotes (80S) than prokaryotes (70S) they are the site of protein synthesis (assemble the building blocks to make proteins). They either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the RER

32
Q

What is an organelle?

A

a cellular structure that preforms specific functions

33
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • a filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplasm (fluid portion of cytoplasm is cytosol)
  • provides internal structure and mediates intracellular transport (less developed in prokaryotes)
    A large network of protein filaments that start at the nucleus and reach out to the plasma membrane. The cytoskeleton is critical for maintaining shape and transporting vesicles around the cell.
34
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins (not an organelle perse, but a vital structure)
  • semi permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell
    seperates intra/extra cellular environments
35
Q

What organelles are only found in eukaryotes?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • peroxisome
36
Q

what is the nucleus?

A
  • double membrane structure with pores, contains an inner region called a nucleolus
  • stores genetic material (DNA) as chromatin; Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production.
37
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • a membrane network that may be bare (smooth ER) or studded with ribosomes (rough ER)
  • produces and transports materials between organelles (smooth ER= produces lipids; rough ER= produces proteins [bc of ribosomes])
38
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • an assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membrane
  • involved in the sorting storing and modification of secretory products
    Stacked flattened sacs that are the sites of protein sorting, packaging, and modification for use in the cell or export. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off from the Golgi apparatus
39
Q

what is the mitochondrion?

A
  • double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristae
  • site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)
    highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second outer membrane. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
40
Q

what is peroxisome?

A
  • a membranous sac containing a variety of catabolic enzymes
  • catalyses breakdown of toxic substances (e.g. H202) and other metabolites
41
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A
  • double membrane structure with internal stacks (grana) of membranous discs (thylakoids)
  • site of photosynthesis - manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids
    double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
42
Q

what is the cell wall?

A
  • external outer covering made of cellulose (not an organelle perse but a vital structure)
  • provides support and mechanical strength; prevents excess water uptake
43
Q

what is the vacuole?

A
  • fluid filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)
  • maintains hydrostatic pressure (animals may have small, temporary vacuoles)
    A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.
44
Q

what is the centrosome?

A

microtubule organising centre (contains paired centrioles in animal cells but not plant cells)
- radiating microtubules from spindle fibres and contribute to cell division (meiosis/mitosis)

45
Q

what is the lysosome?

A
  • membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes (these break down other molecules)
  • breakdown/hydrolysis of macromolecules (plant cells MAY have a comparable structure)
46
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances into or out of a cell, or stores substances within a cell.

47
Q

What is a membrane bound organelle

A

structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria contain an outer membrane surrounding a highly folded inner membrane. This creates a narrow, low-volume intermembrane space that facilitates some of the processes of cellular respiration. The space inside the inner membrane is known as the mitochondrial matrix and the folds of the inner membrane are known as the cristae.

49
Q

What is the cell’s primary method of producing energy?

A

Cellular respiration

50
Q

How does cellular respiration work?

A

It breaks down the simple carbohydrate known as glucose to produce energy. Cellular respiration can occur either aerobically or anaerobically, but mitochondria only play a role in the aerobic cellular respiration pathway.
glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy

51
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon + water + energy dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

52
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

requiring oxygen

53
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

requiring no oxygen

54
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

Chloroplasts can be found in plant and algae cells. They are made up of an inner
and outer membrane which control what enters and exits the chloroplast. Inside the chloroplast, you will find grana, which are made up of a stack of flattened sacs known as thylakoids, and a fluid substance known as the stroma. These structures help plants and algae undergo photosynthesis.

55
Q

What is stroma?

A

the fluid substance that makes up the interior of chloroplasts

56
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process which uses light energy from the sun, carbon dioxide,
and water to produce glucose and oxygen. In order for photosynthesis to take place, the thylakoid membranes contain a green pigment known as chlorophyll which absorbs light to energise reactions. The glucose produced can then be used during cellular respiration, to build cell walls, and to carry out metabolic reactions. Excessive glucose can be stored in seeds as starch.

57
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

carbon + water –sunlight–> glucose + oxygen
6 CO + 6 H O –sunlight–> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

58
Q

Why do plants have cell walls but animals dont?

A

Unlike plants, most animals have evolved structures like skeletons that provide structural support for the organism. Plants rely on their strong cell walls to perform the same function.

59
Q

Why are vacuoles small in animal plants but large in plants?

A

Vacuoles in plants are used to provide further support for the organism; they must be full to prevent wilting. In animals, vacuoles are primarily involved in solute and water storage rather than structural support.

60
Q

What are the benefits of having small cells?

A

The exchange of materials with the extracellular environment (including importing nutrients and oxygen, and removing toxins) can occur efficiently and effectively due to a high surface area to volume ratio. This will be explained later in this lesson.
Distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster.

61
Q

What are the SA:V trends of objects?

A

objects with the same volume can have a different SA:V. The general trend is the more compact the object, the lower the SA:V. This means that objects with long lengths and short depths and widths are likely to have a higher SA:V.

62
Q

Why are some surfaces and cells small and elongated?

A

Surfaces, which are made up of many cells, are able to exchange substances with the environment most effectively if they have a high SA:V. Therefore, both surfaces and
cells that need to transport lots of substances across their border tend to be small
and elongated.

63
Q

Why does the surface of the small intestine have a high SA:V?

A

in the small intestine, which is responsible for absorbing nutrients, cells lining the intestine arrange into ‘finger-like’ shapes called villi. Some
of these cells even have smaller ‘finger-like’ shapes of their own on their surface called microvilli that fold in and out to increase their surface area. By having both villi and microvilli, the surface area of the lining inside the small intestine can be greatly increased, which leads to an increased SA:V

64
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

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