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Biology Units 3 & 4 > AOS 1 Topic 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

AOS 1 Topic 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Polymerase

A

An enzyme involved in synthesising nucleic acids

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2
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

A technique used to amplify a segment of DNA

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3
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

DNA polymerase taken from a bacteria, Thermus aquaticus, that can withstand high temperatures without denaturing

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4
Q

Sugar-Phosphate Bond

A

A covalent bond between the 3’ carbon of a nucleotide’s sugar, and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide

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5
Q

Endonucleases

A

Enzymes, also known as restriction enzymes, that cuts the sugar-phosphate bond between nucleotides at specific recognition sites

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6
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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7
Q

Palindrome

A

A sequence of double-stranded DNA that reads the same on both strands in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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8
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

An enzyme that directs the formation of copy DNA fro a messenger RNA template through reverse transcription

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9
Q

complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

A strand of DNA that has complementary bases to the opposite strand and is usually produced through reverse transcriptase

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10
Q

Blunt Ends

A

The ends of a DNA fragment with no overhanging bases after being cut by an endonuclease

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11
Q

Sticky Ends

A

The ends of a DNA fragment with overhanging bases after being cut by an endonuclease

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12
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme that catalyses the joining of two double-stranded DNA fragments

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13
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

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14
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

A system that can learn from infections and develop to become more efficient

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15
Q

Spacer

A

DNA from bacteriophages that have infected the cell in the past

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16
Q

crRNA

A

CRISPR RNA

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17
Q

gRNA

A

Guide RNA

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18
Q

tracrRNA

A

Trans-acting CRISPR RNA

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19
Q

Cas

A

CRISPR Associated Protein

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20
Q

sgRNA

A

Single guide RNA - a synthetic guide RNA comprising of only RNA molecule

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21
Q

Duplex

A

Double stranded

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22
Q

Non-Homologous [in context of DNA]

A

Meaning that duplicate DNA is not required

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23
Q

Homologous [In context of DNA]

A

Another strand of DNA that has the same sequence

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24
Q

Resection [verb]

A

The cutting away of

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25
PAM Sequence
Two GG bases preceded by any nucleic base
26
Genome Editing
A process by which changes are made to the nucleic acid sequence of genes
27
Denaturing [in context of PCR]
The first stage in PCR, in which a double stranded piece of DNA is heated and separated into single stranded DNA
28
Annealing [in context of PCR]
The second stage in PCR, in which primers attach to the single stranded DNA
29
Extension [in context of PCR]
The third stage in PCR, in which the Taq Polymerase enzyme synthesises a new strand of DNA by adding free nucleotides
30
Amplification
Making copies of DNA
31
Primer
Short lengths of DNA complementary to the 3’ end of a length of DNA to be amplified
32
DNA Synthesiser
A machine that ‘prints’ DNA strands
33
Synthetic DNA
DNA that is created in a laboratory using a DNA synthesiser
34
Oligo
Short for oligonucleotide - a short single strand of synthetic DNA or RNA
35
dNTP
Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate
36
Agarose
A polysaccharide, extracted from red algae
37
Buffer
A clear solution containing ions that carry an electric current
38
Recessive Allele
An allele that is expressed only in the phenotype of homozygotes, and that is not expressed in the phenotype in the presence of dominant alleles.
39
Standard Ladder
A sample of DNA of known lengths that can be used as a ‘ruler’ to measure the fragments in other lanes
40
STR
Short Tandem Repeats - Hypervariable regions of DNA in humans containing short sequences of DNA that are repeated numerous times. These are chromosomal sites where many copies of the short DNA sequence are joined end-to-end
41
Gel Electrophoresis
A technique for sorting a mixture of DNA fragments through an electrical field on the basis of different fragment lengths
42
DNA Fingerprinting
A technique for identifying DNA from different individuals based on variable numbers of tandem repeats of short DNA segments near the ends of chromosomes
43
DNA Sequencing
The identification of the order or sequence of bases along a DNA strand
44
Probe
A single stranded segment of DNA carrying a radioactive or fluorescent label with a base sequence complementary to that in a target strand of DNA
45
Ethidium Bromide
A dye that binds to DNA and illuminates under UV light
46
DNA Profiling
A technique for identifying DNA from different individuals based on variable regions known as short tandem repeats (STRs) or microsatellites.
47
Plasmid
A small extra-chromosomal loop of DNA found in prokaryotes
48
Recombinant
An organism or DNA molecule that contains DNA from more than one source
49
Transformed
Of a bacteria which has taken up exogenous naked DNA from its environment, usually by taking up a plasmid
50
Gene Cloning
A process by which a gene is incorporated into a plasmid, which when introduced into a suitable host, self-replicates and creates a large number of identical copies of the gene.
51
In Vitro
Of a process carried out in a laboratory in a petri dish, test tube, or similar.
52
Lysed
Split open
53
B-Gal
Beta Galactosidase
54
LacZ
The gene that encodes beta-galactosidase
55
Hydrolyse
Break a bond by adding a water
56
X-gal
A synthetic compound that contains a galactose connected to an indole. When connected it is white, when broken off the galactose the indole turns bright blue.
57
Fusion Protein
The single protein formed from a fusion gene
58
Fusion Gene
Two genes that share a single promoter and are transcribed and translated together because there is no stop codon between them.
59
Origin of Replication (ORI)
A DNA base sequence in a plasmid in which DNA replication begins
60
Vector
An agent or vehicle used to transfer pathogens or genes between cells and organisms
61
Selectable Marker
Genes carried by plasmids for certain identifiable traits, often for antibiotic resistance
62
Electroporation
A technique that uses brief exposure of host cells to an electric field to enable the entry of segments of foreign DNA into the cell
63
Heat Shock
A technique to transform bacteria in which cells are suspended in an ice cold solution and then moved into a warm solution to increase plasma membrane fluidity
64
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
An organism with its DNA altered by gene technology
65
Transgenic Organism (TGO)
An organism that contains a gene from another species
66
RNAi Technology
A technique in which a gene is silenced by blocking its mRNA Also called antisense genetic engineering

Biology Units 3 & 4 (2 decks)

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