Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Units 3 & 4 > AOS 1 Topic 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

AOS 1 Topic 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Biomacromolecule

A

A large organic molecule, found in organisms, composed of subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule composed of a chain of repeating similar smaller molecules called monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carrier Protein

A

A protein that changes shape in order to move molecules across a plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Channel Protein

A

A transmembrane protein that allows specific molecules to cross a plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Receptor

A

A protein on the surface of a cell, to which binds a signalling molecule such as a hormone, neurotransmitter, or death ligand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of filaments and tubules that hold a cell in shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Microtubules

A

A polymer of tubulin (a type of protein) that forms long fibres in the cell such as the cytoskeleton and spindle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motor Protein

A

A class of molecular motors that can move along cytoskeleton fibres, powered by the energy in ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hormone

A

A signalling molecule secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in general circulation in the bloodstream, and producing an effect in a target tissue elsewhere in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that catalyses a chemical reaction without being used up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Proteome

A

The complete array of proteins produced by a single cell or an organism in a particular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of the proteome, the complete array of proteins produced by an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

An acid radical with the formula COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amino Group

A

A group with the formula NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Side Chain

A

A group of atoms attached to the main part of a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydroxyl

A

A radical - OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond between two adjacent amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A bond between two non-metal atoms involving the sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Primary Structure

A

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The shape of local regions of a polypeptide, resulting from the interaction of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Disulfide Bond

A

A strong covalent bond between two sulfurs on cysteine amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative element in another molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of amino acid residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Protein

A

A functional unit made of one or more polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Prosthetic Group
A non-amino acid component bound tightly to a functional protein
26
Alpha Helix
A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as a tight twist
27
Beta-Pleated Sheet
A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as folded sheets, with a change in direction of the polypeptide chain
28
Random Coiling
A type of secondary structure in proteins that does not fit in as either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet
29
Antiparallel
Of two strands: running parallel to each other but in opposite directions
30
Complementary
Refers to a molecule having a specific chemical structure that allows it to bond in a ‘lock-and-key’ fashion to another structure Of nucleotide bases: having opposite shapes/charges such that they pair together
31
Nucleotides
The basic building blocks or sub-units of DNA and RNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a nucleic base, and a five-carbon sugar
32
Deoxynucleotide
A nucleotide containing a deoxyribose sugar
33
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A form of RNA synthesised by the transcription of a DNA template strand in the nucleus
34
Ribosomes
Organelles that are major sites of protein production in cells in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
35
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
A stable form of RNA found in ribosomes
36
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A form of RNA that can attach to specific amino acids and carry them to a ribosome during translation
37
Codon
A sequence of three bases in a messenger RNA molecule that contains information either to bring amino acids into place on a polypeptide chain, or to start and stop this process
38
Anticodon
A sequence of three bases in a transfer RNA molecule that can pair with the complementary codon of a messenger RNA molecule
39
Introns
Transcribed regions of a eukaryotic gene that are removed from the transcript (RNA) before translation
40
Exons
Transcribed regions of a gene that are also translated
41
Coding Regions
Regions of a gene that contain the coded information for making a polypeptide chain
42
Flanking Regions
Regions located either downstream or upstream of the coding region of a gene
43
Promoter Region
Part of the upstream flanking region of a gene where RNA polymerase binds, that contains base sequences that control the activity of that gene
44
TATA Box
A short base sequence consistently found in the upstream flanking region of the coding region of genes of many different species
45
Operator Region
A region found in an operon where a repressor is able to bind
46
Repressor
A protein produced by a regulatory gene that can bind to DNA and prevent transcription
47
Triplet Code
The idea that the genetic code consists of triplets or three-base sequences
48
Universal
The property of the genetic code in which the code is essentially the same across all organisms
49
Degenerate
The property of the genetic code in which more than one triplet of bases can code for one amino acid
50
Transcription
The process of copying the genetic instructions in a DNA strand to mRNA
51
Translation
The process of decoding the genetic instructions in mRNA into a protein built of amino acids (polypeptide chain of amino acid subunits)
52
Template Strand
One strand of DNA that is used as a template to produce a complementary mRNA strand
53
Coding Strand
The strand of the DNA that is complementary to the template strand The coding strand is identical to the pre-mRNA strand except for Uracil replacing Thymine in the pre-mRNA strand
54
RNA Polymerase
An enzyme that controls the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template strand during transcription
55
RNA Processing
Occurs after transcription and involves modifying pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA
56
Spliceosomes
Complex molecules present in the nucleus that remove introns from the pre-mRNA transcript
57
Poly-A Tail
A series of adenine containing RNA nucleotides at the 3’ end of mRNA
58
Methyl Group
CH3
59
Chaperone Protein
A protein that assists the folding of a polypeptide into its tertiary structure
60
Affinity
Attraction for a molecule
61
Tryptophan
The rarest of the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids
62
Attenuate
To reduce the effect of something
63
Leader
The 5’ untranslated region (UTR) between the promoter and operon genes
64
Domain
A distinct region of a complex molecule
65
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum with ribosomes attached
66
Vesicles
Membrane bound sacs found within a cell, such as secretory vesicles, which are involved in the export of proteins.

Biology Units 3 & 4 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions