AOS 1: musculoskeletal injury & illness

Question 1

Acute injuries

Answer 1

Occur suddenly and usually without warning (e.g. hamstring strain)

Can be further classified as direct or indirect injuries

Question 2

Chronic injuries

Answer 2

Usually associated with overuse of a particular area of the body (e.g. shin splints)

Question 3

Direct injuries

Answer 3

Direct injuries occur due to an external force. They can be caused by:
- Collisions
- Direct blow from an implement

Question 4

Indirect injuries

Answer 4

Indirect injuries are caused by an internal force that greater than the load the muscle or ligament can sustain.

• Ligament damage can occur when a joint moves further than its ideal range of motion.
• Muscle damage usually occurs under eccentric loading.

Question 5

Acute injuries examples

Answer 5

Examples of acute injuries include:
- Ligament sprain
- Muscle strain
- Contusion
- Abrasion
- Fracture
- Dislocation/subluxation

Question 6

ligament - direct

Answer 6

Ligaments are damaged when joints move further than the ideal physiological range (hyperextension) or in a direction that is not the proper movement (knee moves sideways)
- Grade 1 sprain- mild damage
- Grade 2 sprain- partial tear
- Grade 3 sprain- complete tear

Question 7

Muscle - direct

Answer 7

Muscles are usually injured under eccentric loading
- Grade 1 strain- damage to <5% of muscle fibres
- Grade 2 strain- more extensive than grade 1 but muscle not completely ruptured
- Grade 3 strain- complete rupture of the muscle

Question 8

Soft tissue injuries

Answer 8

R-rest
I-ice
C-compression
E-elevation
R-referral

Question 9

Chronic injuries

Answer 9

Chronic injuries tend to start out as acute in nature, and then recur as a result of re-injury through prolonged weakness or insufficient rehabilitation.

Question 10

Overuse Injuries

Answer 10

Result from the continual performance of some type of movement.

Factors contributing to overuse injuries include:
- Repetitive nature of the activity
- Insufficient recovery time
- Inappropriate increase in training load
- Inadequate footwear
- Inappropriate training surface

Question 11

Overuse Injuries

Answer 11

Examples of overuse injuries include:
- Shin splints
- Osteitis pubis
- Patellar tendonitis
- Tennis elbow

Question 12

Musculoskeletal Injury Prevention

Answer 12

A range of strategies can be used to reduce the incidence of injury. These include:
- Pre-participation screening
- Physiological strategies
- Physical aids

Question 13

Pre-Participation Health Screening

Answer 13

Pre-participation screening should be undertaken by all individuals prior to commencing or increasing their physical activity.

Question 14

Pre- screening provides?

Answer 14

Pre-screening provides the assessors with information about the participant’s general level of health.

Question 15

Physiological Strategies

Answer 15

The following physiological strategies play an important role in injury prevention:
- Warm up
- Physical preparation
- Cool down

Question 16

Warm Up

Answer 16

The warm up is designed to:
- Reduce the possibility of injury
- Prepare the body for competition or conditioning exercises
- Allow the athlete to rehearse movements performed in game/training
- Elevate body temperature and increase blood flow to muscles

Question 17

Warm up should?

Answer 17

A warm up should be specifically related to the activity the follows and include:
- A continuous aerobic activity (jogging, cycling etc.)
- Dynamic flexibility exercises
- Sport-specific drills

Question 18

Physical Preparation

Answer 18

Training should always ensure athletes receive appropriate fitness levels that are specific to the sport. This can be achieved through the correct application of the following training principles:
- Specificity
- Overload
- Intensity
- Frequency

Question 19

Athletes should?

Answer 19

Athletes should engage in a variety of training methods to reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal injuries, including:
- Strength training
- Core training
- Flexibility training

Question 20

Cool down

Answer 20

The cool down assists the body to recover from exercise via completion of a low intensity version of the activity just participated in.

Question 21

Aim of cool down

Answer 21

• Prevent venous pooling
• Speed up removal of metabolic waste products
• Reduce potential for muscle soreness
• Return the body to its resting physiological state

Question 22

Physical aids - Protective equipment

Answer 22

Any sport-specific equipment designed to help reduce, or prevent, musculoskeletal injuries.

Protective equipment can be worn as a preventative measure prior to an injury occurring or on return to sport where there may be a risk of aggravating an old injury.

e.g. mouth guard, face mask, protective head gear

Question 23

Taping

Answer 23

Preventative taping of joints can reduce the risk of injury and the severity of ligament injury or strain. It is used to restrict some potentially harmful movements while allowing the desired movements of the joint.

Question 24

Taping can also be used for

Answer 24

Taping can also be used in rehabilitation after an injury has occurred to protect the injured site.

Question 25

Braces

Answer 25

Sports braces play a similar role to taping in the prevention of injuries, with the added benefit of the athlete being able to put the brace on themselves.

Question 26

Braces provide?

Answer 26

Bracing can provide greater joint stability compared to taping, as the support provided by taping diminishes throughout the activity.

Question 27

Musculoskeletal Illness

Answer 27

Many illnesses and conditions affecting both the muscular and skeletal systems can impact on the ability of an individual to engage in regular physical activity. The most common musculoskeletal conditions in Australia include: - Arthritis - Osteoporosis - Back pain

Question 28

Arthritis

Answer 28

Arthritis is characterised by inflammation of the joints, causing pain, stiffness and joint weakness. There are many types of arthritis, including: - Osteoarthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 29

Osteoarthritis

Answer 29

A degenerative condition resulting from overuse, or “wear and tear”. It mostly affects weight-bearing joints. Cartilage on the ends of bones wears away causing the bones to rub together.

Question 30

Osteoarthritis risk factors

Answer 30

- Increasing age - Physical inactivity - Being overweight - Joint trauma from previous injury - Repetitive stress on joint

Question 31

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 31

A chronic disease resulting from an autoimmune response of the body. The immune system attacks the tissues lining the joints causing pain, swelling, stiffness, progressive and irreversible damage, and deformity.

Question 32

Seriousness of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 32

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most severe form of arthritis and generally affects the smaller joints of the body.

Question 33

Osteoporosis

Answer 33

A condition characterised by the thinning and weakening of a bone, making it very fragile. It is more common in women than men and has a higher incidence in people over the age of 55. The bone loses minerals (particularly calcium) quicker than the body can replace them. The loss impairs the density of the bone and increases the risk of fracture.

Question 34

Risk factors for developing osteoporosis

Answer 34

- Sedentary behaviour - Lack of exercise - Poor calcium intake - Vitamin D deficiencies

Question 35

Back pain

Answer 35

Back pain and other problems can affect the bones, joints, tissues and nerves of the back. Pain often stems from overuse, injury, weakness, degeneration or postural misalignment.

Question 36

Risk factors of back pain

Answer 36

- Sedentary behaviour - Physical inactivity - Being overweight or obese - Type of occupation (bending, lifting or twisting heavy) - Poor posture - Stress

Question 37

Exercise

Answer 37

Regular exercise is viewed as a preventative measure and form of treatment for musculoskeletal illness.

Question 38

benefits of exercise

Answer 38

- Reduced body weight - Improved flexibility - Improved posture - Reduced bone loss - Improved bone mass - Conservation of bone tissue - Aid joint lubrication - Build muscular strength - Improved balance and coordination