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Physical Education > AOS 1: musculoskeletal injury & illness > Flashcards

AOS 1: musculoskeletal injury & illness Flashcards

1
Q

Acute injuries

A

Occur suddenly and usually without warning (e.g. hamstring strain)

Can be further classified as direct or indirect injuries

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2
Q

Chronic injuries

A

Usually associated with overuse of a particular area of the body (e.g. shin splints)

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3
Q

Direct injuries

A

Direct injuries occur due to an external force. They can be caused by:
- Collisions
- Direct blow from an implement

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4
Q

Indirect injuries

A

Indirect injuries are caused by an internal force that greater than the load the muscle or ligament can sustain.

  • Ligament damage can occur when a joint moves further than its ideal range of motion.
  • Muscle damage usually occurs under eccentric loading.
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5
Q

Acute injuries examples

A

Examples of acute injuries include:
- Ligament sprain
- Muscle strain
- Contusion
- Abrasion
- Fracture
- Dislocation/subluxation

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6
Q

ligament - direct

A

Ligaments are damaged when joints move further than the ideal physiological range (hyperextension) or in a direction that is not the proper movement (knee moves sideways)
- Grade 1 sprain- mild damage
- Grade 2 sprain- partial tear
- Grade 3 sprain- complete tear

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7
Q

Muscle - direct

A

Muscles are usually injured under eccentric loading
- Grade 1 strain- damage to <5% of muscle fibres
- Grade 2 strain- more extensive than grade 1 but muscle not completely ruptured
- Grade 3 strain- complete rupture of the muscle

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8
Q

Soft tissue injuries

A

R-rest
I-ice
C-compression
E-elevation
R-referral

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9
Q

Chronic injuries

A

Chronic injuries tend to start out as acute in nature, and then recur as a result of re-injury through prolonged weakness or insufficient rehabilitation.

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10
Q

Overuse Injuries

A

Result from the continual performance of some type of movement.

Factors contributing to overuse injuries include:
- Repetitive nature of the activity
- Insufficient recovery time
- Inappropriate increase in training load
- Inadequate footwear
- Inappropriate training surface

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11
Q

Overuse Injuries

A

Examples of overuse injuries include:
- Shin splints
- Osteitis pubis
- Patellar tendonitis
- Tennis elbow

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12
Q

Musculoskeletal Injury Prevention

A

A range of strategies can be used to reduce the incidence of injury. These include:
- Pre-participation screening
- Physiological strategies
- Physical aids

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13
Q

Pre-Participation Health Screening

A

Pre-participation screening should be undertaken by all individuals prior to commencing or increasing their physical activity.

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14
Q

Pre- screening provides?

A

Pre-screening provides the assessors with information about the participant’s general level of health.

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15
Q

Physiological Strategies

A

The following physiological strategies play an important role in injury prevention:
- Warm up
- Physical preparation
- Cool down

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16
Q

Warm Up

A

The warm up is designed to:
- Reduce the possibility of injury
- Prepare the body for competition or conditioning exercises
- Allow the athlete to rehearse movements performed in game/training
- Elevate body temperature and increase blood flow to muscles

17
Q

Warm up should?

A

A warm up should be specifically related to the activity the follows and include:
- A continuous aerobic activity (jogging, cycling etc.)
- Dynamic flexibility exercises
- Sport-specific drills

18
Q

Physical Preparation

A

Training should always ensure athletes receive appropriate fitness levels that are specific to the sport. This can be achieved through the correct application of the following training principles:
- Specificity
- Overload
- Intensity
- Frequency

19
Q

Athletes should?

A

Athletes should engage in a variety of training methods to reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal injuries, including:
- Strength training
- Core training
- Flexibility training

20
Q

Cool down

A

The cool down assists the body to recover from exercise via completion of a low intensity version of the activity just participated in.

21
Q

Aim of cool down

A
  • Prevent venous pooling
  • Speed up removal of metabolic waste products
  • Reduce potential for muscle soreness
  • Return the body to its resting physiological state
22
Q

Physical aids - Protective equipment

A

Any sport-specific equipment designed to help reduce, or prevent, musculoskeletal injuries.

Protective equipment can be worn as a preventative measure prior to an injury occurring or on return to sport where there may be a risk of aggravating an old injury.

e.g. mouth guard, face mask, protective head gear

23
Q

Taping

A

Preventative taping of joints can reduce the risk of injury and the severity of ligament injury or strain. It is used to restrict some potentially harmful movements while allowing the desired movements of the joint.

24
Q

Taping can also be used for

A

Taping can also be used in rehabilitation after an injury has occurred to protect the injured site.

25
Q

Braces

A

Sports braces play a similar role to taping in the prevention of injuries, with the added benefit of the athlete being able to put the brace on themselves.

26
Q

Braces provide?

A

Bracing can provide greater joint stability compared to taping, as the support provided by taping diminishes throughout the activity.

27
Q

Musculoskeletal Illness

A

Many illnesses and conditions affecting both the muscular and skeletal systems can impact on the ability of an individual to engage in regular physical activity.

The most common musculoskeletal conditions in Australia include:
- Arthritis
- Osteoporosis
- Back pain

28
Q

Arthritis

A

Arthritis is characterised by inflammation of the joints, causing pain, stiffness and joint weakness.

There are many types of arthritis, including:
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis

29
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A degenerative condition resulting from overuse, or “wear and tear”. It mostly affects weight-bearing joints.

Cartilage on the ends of bones wears away causing the bones to rub together.

30
Q

Osteoarthritis risk factors

A
  • Increasing age
  • Physical inactivity
  • Being overweight
  • Joint trauma from previous injury
  • Repetitive stress on joint
31
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

A chronic disease resulting from an autoimmune response of the body.

The immune system attacks the tissues lining the joints causing pain, swelling, stiffness, progressive and irreversible damage, and deformity.

32
Q

Seriousness of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most severe form of arthritis and generally affects the smaller joints of the body.

33
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition characterised by the thinning and weakening of a bone, making it very fragile. It is more common in women than men and has a higher incidence in people over the age of 55.

The bone loses minerals (particularly calcium) quicker than the body can replace them. The loss impairs the density of the bone and increases the risk of fracture.

34
Q

Risk factors for developing osteoporosis

A
  • Sedentary behaviour
  • Lack of exercise
  • Poor calcium intake
  • Vitamin D deficiencies
35
Q

Back pain

A

Back pain and other problems can affect the bones, joints, tissues and nerves of the back. Pain often stems from overuse, injury, weakness, degeneration or postural misalignment.

36
Q

Risk factors of back pain

A
  • Sedentary behaviour
  • Physical inactivity
  • Being overweight or obese
  • Type of occupation (bending, lifting or twisting heavy)
  • Poor posture
  • Stress
37
Q

Exercise

A

Regular exercise is viewed as a preventative measure and form of treatment for musculoskeletal illness.

38
Q

benefits of exercise

A
  • Reduced body weight
  • Improved flexibility
  • Improved posture
  • Reduced bone loss
  • Improved bone mass
  • Conservation of bone tissue
  • Aid joint lubrication
  • Build muscular strength
  • Improved balance and coordination

Physical Education (5 decks)

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