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AOS 1: muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

The muscular system

A
  • Production of movement
  • Stabilisation of posture
  • Essential body functions
  • Thermogenesis (heat generation)

Can be performed on demand (voluntarily) or automatically (involuntarily)

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2
Q

Types of muscles

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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3
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found only in the heart
- Involuntarily controlled
- Not easily fatigued

Has a striped appearance

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4
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in hollow organs
e.g. walls of digestive tract

No conscious control over smooth muscle contractions
- Fatigues much slower than skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Attaches to and causes movement of the skeleton
- Under voluntary control

Has a striped appearance (striated)

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A

Muscles are attached to bones via tendons situated at the ends of the muscle belly.

The points of attachment are known as the origin and insertion points

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7
Q

The Origin

A

The attachment site that doesn’t move during contraction and is usually proximal to the body

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8
Q

The insertion

A

The attachment site that does move and is usually distal to the body

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9
Q

Major muscles

A

Deltoid, Pectoralis major, biceps brachii, serratus anterior, rectus abdominus, obliques, quadriceps, soleus, tibialis anterior, trapezius, tricpes brachii, latiussumus dorsi, erector spinae, gluteus maximus, hamstring, gastrocnemius

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10
Q

Muscle fibre arrangement

A
  • Circular
  • Convergent
  • Parallel
  • Pennate
  • Fusiform
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11
Q

Convergent muscles

A

Has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge towards a single tendon of insertion

Convergent muscles are triangular or fan shaped

e.g. pectoralis major

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12
Q

Parallel muscles

A

The length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle

Parallel muscles are “strap-like”

e.g. femur tendon

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13
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Muscle fibres are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. They comes in three forms:
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate

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14
Q

What does pennation allow?

A

Pennation allows more fibres to be packed into a muscle, increasing the force it can produce.

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15
Q

Unipennate muscles

A

Unipennate Muscles: Muscle fibres branch out from one side of the tendon

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16
Q

Bipennate muscles

A

Bipennate muscles: Muscle fibres branch out from both sides of the tendon

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17
Q

Multipennate muscles

A

Involve multiple rows of muscle fibres whose central tendon branches into two or more tendons

e.g. deltoid

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18
Q

Benefits of multipennate muscles

A

Multipennate muscles provide the greatest force due to:
- Short fibres
- More fibres packed into muscle
- Large cross-sectional area

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19
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

Are spindle shaped with a belly that is wider than the origin and insertion

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20
Q

Function of fusiform?

A

Fusiform muscles generate lower force but enable greater velocities due to:
Long fibres
Fibres running in the same direction as the tendon

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21
Q

Muscular contractions

A

Skeletal muscles create movement by pulling on the bones to which they attach

There are three types of muscular contractions classified according to the movement they cause:
- Isoinertial (concentric and eccentric)
- Isometric
- Isokinetic

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22
Q

Isoinertial contractions

A

Muscle length changes through a range of motion or action

Two types of isotonic contractions:
- Concentric contractions
- Eccentric contractions

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23
Q

Concentric contractions

A

Concentric contractions are characterised by the shortening of the muscle and a reduced joint angle

24
Q

Eccentric contractions

A

Eccentric contractions are characterised by the lengthening of the muscle and an increased joint angle

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Isometric contractions
Muscle does not or cannot change length while producing force and there is no movement of the joint to which the muscle is attached Isometric contractions result in the greatest muscle tension and have the largest force-producing capacity
26
Isokinetic contractions
Muscle works at a constant angular velocity through the full range of motion - Only performed using special equipment Effective way to develop strength and endurance
27
Reciprocal inhibition
Skeletal muscles work in pairs to create movement - One muscle will contract (shorten) while the other relaxes (lengthen) - Other muscles work to stabilise the moving joint
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Agonist
The muscle directly involved with initiating and performing a movement
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Antagonist
The muscles that oppose this movement
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Stabilisers
The muscles that ensure the joint remains stable while the agonist and antagonist are working
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Example of reciprocal inhibition
Bicep contracted (agonist), triceps relaxed/extended (antagonist) vice versa.
32
Muscle pairs
Hamstrings - quadriceps, gluteus maximus - hip flexor, gastrocnemius - tibialis anterior, pectoralis major - latissimus dorsi
33
Skeletal Muscle Control- Initiation of Activity
Step 1: A signal must be sent from the brain to the muscle Step 2: The message travels down the spinal cord to the motor nerves that branch out to the relevant muscles (motor nerve separates into smaller motor neurons to attach to individual muscles)
34
Initiation of activity
Step 3: Nerve impulse travels across the neuromuscular junction with the assistance of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) Step 4: The muscle will continue to contract for as long as the brain sends messages
35
The motor unit
Consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates - Responsible for activating a particular type and number of muscle fibres, resulting in muscle activity All muscle fibres of a motor unit contract and relax together
36
Number of fibres in motor unit
The number of fibres within each motor unit varies according to the precision of the movement required Muscles that perform precise movements generally have small motor units, while muscles that perform gross motor skills generally have large motor units
37
The Neuromuscular Junction
Small space between the end of a neuron and the adjacent muscle cell - Nerve impulse must travel across the neuromuscular junction to stimulate the muscle fibres
38
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) helps the nerve impulse travel across the synaptic cleft to the adjacent muscle fibres
39
Muscle Fibre Recruitment- The Size Principle
- The recruitment of motor units within a skeletal muscle commences with smaller motor units to large motor units - Smaller motor units are recruited first at low muscle forces - An increase in muscle force leads to an increase of larger motor units
40
The Size Principle - small motor units
- Slow contracting - Easily excitable and recruited - Fatigue resistant - Utilised for prolonged activities (walking, posture control)
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The size principle - Large motor units
- Fast contracting - Less easily excitable and recruited - Rapidly fatiguable - Utilised for high force activities (sprinting, hitting, jumping)
42
“All or Nothing” Principle
A nerve impulse will not stimulate the muscle fibres until it reaches a certain threshold level When the threshold is reached, all fibres of the motor unit will contract at the same time and maximally If the impulse is too weak, no fibres will contract at all.
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Aerobic
energy production using oxygen
44
Anaerobic
energy production without oxygen
45
Red blood cells
transport oxygen in the blood
46
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels which exchange oxygen between the blood and muscles or different tissues of the body
47
Mitochondria
produce energy in our muscles using oxygen
48
Myoglobin
transports oxygen from the blood into the mitochondria
49
Muscle Fibre Types
Two basic types of muscle fibres classified based on their structure and function - Type I / Slow twitch / Red fibres - Type II / Fast twitch / White fibres Each fibre type is better suited to a different intensity of physical activity
50
Type I Fibres
Best suited to aerobic, endurance work Type I fibres: - Contract slowly and repeatedly over a period of time - Produce low force - Are highly resistance to fatigue - Contain large amounts of myoglobin, mitochondria and capillaries - Have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolic processes
51
Type II Fibres
Best suited to short duration, high intensity anaerobic work Type II fibres: - Contract rapidly for a short period of time only - Fatigue quickly - Develop a high level of force - Have a high capacity to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes
52
Type II A / Fast twitch oxidative
Type II A fibres are partially aerobic - Fatigue resistance: medium/low - Force capacity: Intermediate - Contraction speed: moderate
53
Type II B / Fast twitch glycolytic
Type II B fibres are purely anaerobic. - Fatigue resistance: low - Force capacity: High - Contraction speed: high
54
explanation of "all or nothing" principle
In order to initiate ..., a nerve impulse must be sent from the brain to the required muscles via the spinal cord. The ... principle states that this signal must be strong enough to reach a threshold level in order to stimulate the muscle fibres. If this threshold is not reached, no muscle fibres will contract. During the match, the signal reaching the motor units of the (arm) were strong enough to cause the muscles to contract, (allowing elbow extension to start the serving action.)
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Physical Education (5 decks)

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